Определение передаваемые через почву гельминтами статус-инфекции и физической подготовленности детей школьного возраста
Summary
Хроническая инфекция, передаваемыми через почву гельминтами (STHs) вызывает нарушение всасывания, задержка роста, и тратить на растущего ребенка. Таким образом, вполне вероятно, что эти инфекции также уменьшить физической подготовленности детей. Здесь мы представляем два метода для диагностики STHs и 20-метровый челночный бег тестов для оценки физического детей.
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are common. Indeed, more than 1 billion people are affected, mainly in the developing world where poverty prevails and hygiene behavior, water supply, and sanitation are often deficient1,2. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and the two hookworm species, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus, are the most prevalent STHs3. The estimated global burden due to hookworm disease, ascariasis, and trichuriasis is 22.1, 10.5, and 6.4 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), respectively4. Furthermore, an estimated 30-100 million people are infected with Strongyloides stercoralis, the most neglected STH species of global significance which arguably also causes a considerable public health impact5,6. Multiple-species infections (i.e., different STHs harbored in a single individual) are common, and infections have been linked to lowered productivity and thus economic outlook of developing countries1,3.
For the diagnosis of common STHs, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the Kato-Katz technique7,8, which is a relatively straightforward method for determining the prevalence and intensity of such infections. It facilitates the detection of parasite eggs that infected subjects pass in their feces.
With regard to the diagnosis of S.stercoralis, there is currently no simple and accurate tool available. The Baermann technique is the most widely employed method for its diagnosis. The principle behind the Baermann technique is that active S.stercoralis larvae migrate out of an illuminated fresh fecal sample as the larvae are phototactic9. It requires less sophisticated laboratory materials and is less time consuming than culture and immunological methods5.
Morbidities associated with STH infections range from acute but common symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and pruritus, to chronic symptoms, such as anemia, under- and malnutrition, and cognitive impairment10. Since the symptoms are generally unspecific and subtle, they often go unnoticed, are considered a normal condition by affected individuals, or are treated as symptoms of other diseases that might be more common in a given setting. Hence, it is conceivable that the true burden of STH infections is underestimated by assessment tools relying on self-declared signs and symptoms as is usually the case in population-based surveys.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Stephenson and colleagues highlighted the possibility of STH infections lowering the physical fitness of boys aged 6-12 years11,12. This line of scientific inquiry gained new momentum recently13,14,15. The 20-meter (m) shuttle run test was developed and validated by Léger et al.16 and is used worldwide to measure the aerobic fitness of children17. The test is easy to standardize and can be performed wherever a 20-m long and flat running course and an audio source are available, making its use attractive in resource-constrained settings13. To facilitate and standardize attempts at assessing whether STH infections have an effect on the physical fitness of school-aged children, we present methodologies that diagnose STH infections or measure physical fitness that are simple to execute and yet, provide accurate and reproducible outcomes. This will help to generate new evidence regarding the health impact of STH infections.
Protocol
Discussion
Три протоколы, описанные в этой статье, были проверены и выполнены в юго-западной части провинции Юньнань, Народной Республики Китай между членами Bulang этнических меньшинств 21 и в различных частях Африки 6,13,14.
Есть несколько шаблонов, доступных для Kato-Кац техн…
Divulgaciones
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Авторы выражают благодарность общины в провинции Юньнань, Народной Республики Китай и Agboville, Кот-д'Ивуар, за их участие в исследованиях, описанных выше. Мы в долгу перед местными командами поля, которые оказывали помощь в тестировании и исполнения протоколов. Мы особенно благодарны следующим коллеги из Швейцарского тропического и Институт общественного здравоохранения: Yvette Endriss для обеспечения микроскопических изображений, Hanspeter Марти и его команды для лабораторной поддержки и Стефани Krauth за ее помощь во время видеосъемки. Наконец, мы благодарим двух анонимных рецензентов за ряд полезных замечаний.
Materials
Note: Materials in this list are generic and can be obtained from different sources.
| Name of the reagent | Company | Catalogue number | Comments |
| Kato-Katz kit [400 plastic templates with a hole of 6 millimeter (mm) (diameter) in a 1.5 mm thick template; 400 plastic spatula; a 20-m role of nylon screen of 80 mesh size; a 20-m role of hydrophilic cellophane, 34 μm thick.] |
Vestergaard Frandsen | Please note that the glycerin-malachite green solution is not included in this kit but can be bought from any chemical supplier. | |
| Glass funnel [about 8 centimeter (cm) wide and 6 cm deep] | The glass funnel for the Baermann technique should be able to hold about 60 mL of water. The size of the rubber hose and gauze is dependent on the type of glass funnel used. | ||
| Biological microscope | Olympus | CX21LED/CX21 | |
| Centrifuge | Shanghai Medical Instruments Group | 80 – 2T | |
| Pre-recorded signals | Bitworks Design | Team Bleep Test Version 1.3.1 | iPhone application |
| Heart rate monitor | POLAR | FT1 | Watch and transmitter |
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