TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism
Summary
In this article, we examine the effects of Theta-Burst TMS stimulation on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from Fragile X syndrome and individuals on the autistic spectrum.
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS display abnormalities in the expression of FMR1 – a protein required for typical, healthy neural development.3 Recent data has suggested that the loss of this protein can cause the cortex to be hyperexcitable thereby affecting overall patterns of neural plasticity.4,5
In addition, Fragile X shows a strong comorbidity with autism: in fact, 30% of children with FXS are diagnosed with autism, and 2 – 5% of autistic children suffer from FXS.6
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses 7,8) represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and the manifestations of FXS within affected individuals. More specifically, Theta-Burst Stimulation (TBS), a specific stimulatory protocol shown to modulate cortical plasticity for a duration up to 30 minutes after stimulation cessation in healthy populations, has already proven an efficacious tool in the exploration of abnormal plasticity.9,10
Recent studies have shown the effects of TBS last considerably longer in individuals on the autistic spectrum – up to 90 minutes.11 This extended effect-duration suggests an underlying abnormality in the brain’s natural plasticity state in autistic individuals – similar to the hyperexcitability induced by Fragile X Syndrome.
In this experiment, utilizing single-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as our benchmark, we will explore the effects of both intermittent and continuous TBS on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from FXS and individuals on the Autistic Spectrum.
Protocol
1. Determine Resting Motor Threshold:
- To begin, seat your subject in a comfortable chair.
- Next, apply EMG surface electrodes over the first dorsal inerosseus muscle of the subject’s right hand. (INSERT FIGURE1) If you are having trouble locating this muscle, ask the subject to make a pinching motion or to move his/her index finger back and forth – this should make the muscle easier to locate.
- Place a ground electrode on the meaty portion of the subject’s forearm.
- Determine the location of the subject’s left motor cortex. Although this area differs slightly for everyone, it will generally be around 3.5 cm rostrolateral of cranial vertex. Do not be afraid to explore a small grid around this region and adjust the angle of stimulation until finding the motor “hotspot”.
- Once you’ve found M1, starting at 50% power, begin single pulse stimulation to this region and measure the resultant evoked MEPs.
- Adjust the power up or down until you are able to produce an MEP of greater than 50 μV on exactly 5 out of 10 consecutive pulses. This power level is the subject’s resting motor threshold.
2. Determine Active Motor Threshold
- Using the same electrode set-up as described above, ask the subject to pinch his/her right forefinger and thumb together using about 20% pressure.
- While the subject holds this pinching position, begin single-pulse stimulation at 50% power over M1 and measure the resultant MEPs.
- Adjust the power up or down until you are able to produce an MEP of greater than 200 μV on exactly 5 out of 10 consecutive pulses. This power level is the subject’s active motor threshold.
3. Determine Baseline Mep
- To determine a subject’s baseline MEP amplitude, stimulate motor hotspot at 120% resting motor threshold with 10 single pulses.
- Measure the MEP after each pulse.
- Average the MEP values from three batches of 10 pulses.
4. Setting TMS Parameters
- We will be utilizing standard Theta-Burst parameters: three pulses at 50 Hz at an intensity of 80% active motor threshold for 200 ms intervals.
- To administer intermittent TBS, generate a two-second stim train (at the aforementioned parameters) followed by eight-seconds of no stimulation. Repeat for 190 seconds (a total of 600 pulses). iTBS has been shown to facilitate cortical activity.
- To administer continuous Theta-Burst, generate an uninterrupted stim train (at the aforementioned parameters) for 47 seconds (a total of 600 pulses). cTBS has been shown to inhibit cortical activity.
5. Tms Stimulation
- For this protocol, administer either iTBS or cTBS over the earlier established M1 motor hotspot.
6. Determine Post-stimulation MEP
- Following TBS, as before, stimulate motor hotspot at 120% resting motor threshold with 10 single-pulses.
- Average the batch of 10 MEP levels.
- Collect new 10-pulse batch averages at 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes post-stimulation.
7. Representative Results
When utilizing an iTBS pattern, you should notice an increase in MEP values for a duration reflecting the subject’s natural state of plasticity. Likewise, when utilizing a cTBS pattern, you should notice a decrease in MEP values for a duration reflecting the subject’s natural state of plasticity.
Figure 1. Diagram of electrode placement for MEP measurement.
Figure 2. Diagram of the iTBS stimulation pattern.
Figure 3. Diagram of the cTBS stimulation pattern.
Discussion
Knowing that prolonged duration of TMS after-effects is reflective of atypical neural plasticity, studies such as this could serve to create better and more precise diagnostic protocols for Autism and related disorders.
Similarly, with more data, we may be able to find temporal biological markers for other neurological pathologies – including Fragile X syndrome. In this case, although there is not yet a therapeutic remediation option, early detection could help parents and educators determine best practices for their own child’s unique developmental trajectory.
Divulgaciones
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Materials
| Material Name | Tipo | Company | Catalogue Number | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol Swabs | ||||
| EMG Electrodes | ||||
| EMG Measuring Equipment/Software | ||||
| Ear Plugs | ||||
| Marker or Grease Pen | ||||
| Any Single Pulse Capable TMS Device | ||||
| Any rTMS Capable TMS Device (for TBS) | ||||
| Any Compatible Figure-of-Eight Coil | ||||
| Frameless Stereotactic Equipment (Optional) |
Referencias
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- Hagerman, R. J., Miller, L. J., McGrath-Clarke, J., Riley, K., Goldson, E., Harris, S. W., Simon, J., Church, K., Bonnell, J., Ognibene, T. C., McIntosh, D. N. Influence of stimulants on electrodermal studies in fragile x syndrome. Microscopy Research and Technique. 57, 168-173 (2002).
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