该协议描述了播种有树冠形成巨型海带的基质的田间收集和定期实验室维护,用于恢复试验,以解决“绿色砾石”技术在田间环境中的成功和局限性。
形成冠层的海带是重要的基础物种,支持生物多样性并提供每年价值超过5000亿美元的生态系统服务。由于气候驱动的生态压力因素,全球巨型海带森林的减少凸显了创新恢复战略的必要性。一种被称为“绿色砾石”的新兴恢复技术旨在在没有大量水下劳动的情况下在大面积上播种年轻的海带,并且由于成本效益和可扩展性,它是一种很有前途的恢复工具。这篇视频文章说明了培养巨型海带 Macrocystis pyrifera 的方案和工具。它还为进一步研究提供了资源,以解决这种方法在现场环境中的成功和局限性。我们概述了使用“绿色砾石”技术收集生殖组织、孢子、接种、饲养、维护和监测早期生命阶段播种的基质的现场和实验室方法。该协议简化和集中了该领域当前的恢复实践,以支持研究人员、管理人员和利益相关者实现海带保护目标。
树冠形成的海带(海带目褐藻)是全球重要的基础物种,在温带和北极海域的沿海岩礁中占主导地位1。这些海带形成了结构复杂且高产的生物生境,称为海带森林,支持分类学上多样化的海洋群落2。全世界的海带森林为人类提供了许多生态系统服务,包括商业渔业生产、碳和养分循环以及娱乐机会,估计每年的总价值为 5000 亿美元3。
尽管海带森林具有巨大的价值,但在许多地区,海带森林面临着日益增长的人为压力3。由于长期的海洋变暖以及温度异常频率的增加,气候变化对海带构成了最大的威胁之一3,4,5,6,7。海洋温度升高与营养限制有关8,而暴露于高于生理阈值的热应激可导致死亡9。结合可变的区域局部压力源7,全球海带种群每年下降约2%10,在某些地区损失惨重,并持续向交替的社区状态转移6,11,12,13,14。仅靠海带种群的自然恢复可能不足以扭转目前和预计损失的程度15,16,17,18,这突出了积极恢复的重要性。
目前的海带恢复工作可以使用多种方法的组合,在沿海岩礁上重建这些重要的基础物种3,19。为解决特定地点问题而选择的方法取决于地理环境、海带恢复的具体障碍以及社会生态环境11.了解社会生态系统之间的联系和相互依存关系是关键,让地方机构参与并获得当地社区支持的干预措施可以提高恢复工作成功的可能性20.
除气候变化外,食草动物压力或种间竞争也会推动、下降或抑制恢复(例如,海胆13、草食性鱼类21、22、草皮藻类 9,23 或入侵藻类24)。恢复可能侧重于去除这些生物应激源25,尽管这些方法需要大量资源和持续维护11。为了促进海带物种的恢复,人们一直在努力采用直接播种方法,例如,将装满肥沃海带叶片的网袋称重到将游动孢子释放到环境中的底栖动物中 26.然而,这种方法非常耗时,并且需要技术性的水下安装和拆除。其他情况侧重于移植大量完整的成年供体植物,这可能会损害密切相关和脆弱的供体种群,并且由于依赖连续移植,通常仅限于小规模27.
对于海带孢子限制可能因生境破碎化而阻碍海带森林恢复的地区,引入了一种相对较新的海带恢复方法,称为“绿色砾石”技术。该技术在挪威南部的Flødevigen研究站成功进行了试验28,由于成本效益和可扩展性,该技术代表了一种很有前途的恢复选择。该技术的工作流程如下:(1)从田间繁殖成鱼中收集的肥沃组织中产生孢子溶液,然后播种到小基质上,例如砾石;(2)在实验室控制的非生物条件下在基质上饲养早期海带;(3)具有可见孢子体的基质作为 “绿色砾石” 部署在特定珊瑚礁的田间,孢子体继续生长。请注意,成年个体的典型移植工作需要潜水员费力且成本低廉的水下安装,而“绿色砾石”技术使用从水面28 的简单部署。
目前,许多国际工作组29的成员正在尝试“绿色砾石”技术,这些工作组涉及不同的环境和几种海带物种。该协议描述了在使用巨型海带 Macrocystis pyrifera 在田间部署这种恢复技术之前,组织收集、孢子形成、播种、饲养条件、定期维护和监测早期海带所需的设施、材料和方法。该协议是研究人员,管理人员和利益相关者的宝贵资源,他们寻求深入了解该方法在不同田间环境中对M. pyrifera的成功和局限性。
人为气候变化对世界海洋健康的威胁越来越大 44,45,46,47,48,造成重大干扰和生物多样性丧失 49,50,51,52。为了加速恢复退化的生态系统,联合国宣布 2021 年至 2030 年为“联合国生态系统恢复十年”,恰逢“联合国海洋科学促进可持续发展十年”,旨在扭转海洋健康恶化的趋势53.根据这一全球行动呼吁,海带森林联盟发起了海带森林挑战,以在2040年之前恢复100万公顷海带森林并保护300万公顷海带森林54。海洋恢复被低估了55,海带生态系统受到的关注远低于珊瑚礁、红树林和海草草甸等栖息地56。恢复退化的生态系统已被证明对重建海洋生态系统是有效的,但平均每公顷的成本可能在80,000美元至1,600,000美元之间,总成本中位数可能高出两到四倍57。当前和预计的损失需要开发可扩展、可行且具有成本效益的海带恢复方法,作为紧急保护干预措施。
目前的海带恢复工作使用多种方法来解决海带损失的特定地点驱动因素,包括成年海带的移植、游动孢子和/或配子体的直接播种、食草动物控制以及人工鱼礁的安装 11.但是,这些方法需要大量资源,并且可伸缩性有限。成年海带的典型移植需要潜水员在底栖动物上费力地部署人造材料或结构。自下而上的重建沿海岩礁的干预措施,如控制竞争对手和食草动物,也受到劳动力成本的限制,因为它们依赖于人工水下清除或排除这些生物压力源11。 “绿色砾石” 技术克服了这些限制,只需从水面轻松部署,不需要水下安装或技术知识,并且成本相对较低28。这种创新方法提供了一种很有前途的恢复工具,敦促在不同的地点和环境中进行广泛的试验,以释放其全部潜力32.
虽然在挪威的避风峡湾中,使用糖海带 Saccharina latissima26 成功恢复了“绿色砾石”,但这种技术仍处于东太平洋大囊藻的试点阶段。需要更多的试验来解决其范围内 M. pyrifera 外植体的预期存活率。在 M. pyrifera 生长的典型波浪暴露条件下,较小的砾石可能更容易移动和磨损,导致外植体受损。此外,由充满气体的 M. pyrifera 气囊提供的正浮力可能导致“绿色砾石”外植体被有效地带离恢复地点,因此砾石大小和重量是探索该物种的重要因素。在最近的一项试点研究中(2022 年 5 月;Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico),在田间观察到 M. pyrifera 的初步成功,表现为单翅目附着在周围基质上,在田间两个月后幼体的生长长度达到 1.2 m(图 4)。这表明在利用“绿色砾石”在东太平洋对 M. pyrifera 进行开发方面存在着一个明显的机会。该视频展示了 M. pyrifera 的“绿色砾石”技术,是一种宝贵的资源,可以简化和集中恢复培养阶段的现有实践,以支持解决不同田间环境中的成功和局限性的研究。
通过“绿色砾石”技术,可以播种许多较小的单个砾石单元,与更常见的成年植物移植方法相比,可以增加成功的可能性。然而,这种技术的关键可扩展方面是它从地面的简单部署,这可以促进乘船恢复大面积区域。对于不适合部署小砾石的田间环境,该协议可以适用于将 M. pyrifera 移植到各种基质上,包括较大的砾石甚至小巨石、可以绑在天然或部署的水下锚上的绳子,或可以在更暴露的条件下使用海洋环氧树脂用螺栓或粘附到海底的瓷砖。这些部署调整不会改变 M. pyrifera 培养所需的设施,但随后会增加部署成本。
目前,人为干扰和气候变化正在克服自然种群的适应能力。这给将生态系统恢复到历史状态的传统保护工作带来了重大挑战58,59,60,61,62,63。因此,保护框架已经扩大到包括考虑复原力和适应能力的预期管理64.正在对森林生态系统中的树种实施应对气候变化的预期管理65,并建议进一步恢复工作,以提高外植体的进化潜力66,67。尽管这些策略本质上更容易在陆地环境中操纵,但一些研究开始探索它们在海洋环境中的应用62,68,69,70。例如,珊瑚礁受到许多人为压力因素的威胁,导致前所未有的下降71,72。为了应对这些重要基础物种的丧失,人们越来越多地提倡积极恢复和辅助适应技术,以保护剩余的珊瑚礁及其相关功能62,73,74。一种技术涉及在其当前物种分布范围内转移个体,以增加对热应激的耐受性75。关于树冠形成海带的恢复,“绿色砾石”有一个可定制的框架来探索辅助适应技术,例如将有弹性的基因型转移到脆弱地区,非遗传操作,如杂交,或个体适应环境压力62,其结果旨在为恢复计划获得更多的抗性菌株76,77。
利用当地的支持来加强恢复工作对于维持海带生态系统保护的成功至关重要。让当地利益攸关方参与进来可以增加当地对恢复需求的支持6,50,并促进沿海管理,从而增加资金和延长海带生态系统保护的寿命。与所有其他海带恢复方法一样,整合各种生态、社会经济和保护目标的结构化决策框架将有助于实现海带生态系统及其支持的社区的最佳结果11.
The authors have nothing to disclose.
这项工作由加州海洋格兰特海带恢复研究计划 R/HCE-17 资助给 JBL 和 MESB,美国国家科学基金会研究培训奖 DGE-1735040 授予 PDD、大自然保护协会、施密特海洋技术合作伙伴、可持续海洋联盟、廷克基金会到 AP-L,以及气候科学联盟巴哈工作组到 RBL 和 JL。我们感谢加州大学欧文分校的 Steven Allison、Cascade Sorte、Samantha Cunningham、Sam Weber 和 Caitlin Yee;加州大学圣克鲁兹分校的 Mark Carr、Peter Raimondi、Sarah Eminhizer、Anne Kapuscinski;大自然保护协会的沃尔特·海迪(Walter Heady)和诺拉·埃迪(Norah Eddy);威斯康星大学密尔沃基分校的菲利普·阿尔贝托(Filipe Alberto)和加布里埃尔·蒙特西诺斯(Gabriel Montecinos);下加利福尼亚自治大学的何塞·安东尼奥·泽图切-冈萨雷斯、亚历杭德拉·费雷拉-阿列塔和莉莉安娜·费雷拉-阿列塔;来自 MexCal 的 Luis Malpica-Cruz、Alicia Abadía-Cardoso 和 Daniel Díaz-Guzmán;MexCalitos 潜水员亚历杭德拉·雷耶斯、莫妮卡·佩拉尔塔、特蕾莎·塔维拉、朱莉娅·纳瓦雷特、艾诺亚·维拉塔、杰雷米·鲍尔和阿方索·费雷拉;南希·卡鲁索(Nancy Caruso)提供技术建议。我们感谢下加利福尼亚自治大学海洋研究所(Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California)提供用于开发水浴系统的设施。我们感谢艾拉·斯皮策(Ira Spitzer)的水下和无人机视频内容。
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Air filters | Thermo Fisher | MTGR85010 | Option 1 Small scale – Incubator |
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Ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate ACS reagent, 99% | Sigma | 215406-100G | Chemicals to create Provasoli’s Enriched Seawater (PES) and vitamins for media enrichment |
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Glycerol phosphate disodium salt hydrate isomeric mixture | Sigma | G6501-100G | Chemicals to create Provasoli’s Enriched Seawater (PES) and vitamins for media enrichment |
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PCV cement | Amazon | B001D9WRWG | Option 2 – Medium scale – Water bath systems |
Plastic water valve | Amazon | B0006JLVE4 | Option 2 – Medium scale – Water bath systems |
Plastic water valve | Amazon | B07G5FY7X1 | Option 2 – Medium scale – Water bath systems |
Precision scale 1mg | Amazon | B08DTH95FN | Materials to create Provasoli’s Enriched Seawater (PES) and vitamins for media enrichment |
Pump for filtered air | Amazon | B0BG2BT9RX | Option 1 Small scale – Incubator |
PVC tubing 1×24'' | Home Depot | 202300505 | Option 2 – Medium scale – Water bath systems |
Quantum Light meter | Apogee Instruments | MQ-510 | Monitoring |
Refrigerated Incubator | Thermo Fisher | 15-103-1566 | Option 1 Small scale – Incubator |
Rubber Grommets | Amazon | B07YZD22ZP | Option 1 Small scale – Incubator |
Salinity refractometer | ATC | B018LRO1SU | Monitoring |
Shade mesh 6×50 ft | Home depot | 316308418 | Option 2 – Medium scale – Water bath systems |
Sodium Nitrate ge 99.0% Nitric Acid, Sodium Salt, NNaO3, CAS Number: 7631-99-4, 500g, 1/EA | Thermo Fisher | BP360500 | Chemicals to create Provasoli’s Enriched Seawater (PES) and vitamins for media enrichment |
Soldering for aeration opening | Amazon | B08R3515SF | Option 2 – Medium scale – Water bath systems |
Spray isporopyl alcohol | Amazon | B08LW5P844 | Sporulation |
Stainless steel sissors | Amazon | B07BT4YLHT | Sporulation |
Stainless steel tray | Amazon | B08CV33YXG | Sporulation |
Stainless steel twizzers | Amazon | B01JTZTAJS | Sporulation |
Stir Bars | Amazon | B07C4TNKXB | Materials to create Provasoli’s Enriched Seawater (PES) and vitamins for media enrichment |
Submersible circulation pump 400 GPH | Amazon | B07RZKRM13 | Option 2 – Medium scale – Water bath systems |
Submersible Spherical Quantum Sensor | Waltz | US-SQS/L | Monitoring |
Temperature gun | Infrared Thermometer 749 | B07VTPJXH9 | Monitoring |
Thiamine hydrochloride BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, suitable for plant cell culture | Sigma | T1270-25G | Chemicals to create Provasoli’s Enriched Seawater (PES) and vitamins for media enrichment |
Thymine 99% 2, 4-Dihydroxy-5-methylpyrimidine, C5H6N2O2, CAS Number: 65-71-4, 25g, 157850250 1/EA | Thermo Fisher | AC157850250 | Chemicals to create Provasoli’s Enriched Seawater (PES) and vitamins for media enrichment |
Transparent Acrylic sheet 24×48 inch | Home Depot | 202038048 | Option 2 – Medium scale – Water bath systems |
Tubing water circulation 1''x10 ft | Amazon | B07ZC1PSF3 | Option 2 – Medium scale – Water bath systems |
UV light for natural seawater sterilization | Amazon | B018OI7PYS | Natural seawater sterilization |
Vacum pump | Amazon | B087XBTPVW | Natural seawater sterilization |
Vitamin B12 BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, suitable for plant cell culture, 98% | Sigma | V6629-100MG | Chemicals to create Provasoli’s Enriched Seawater (PES) and vitamins for media enrichment |
Volumetric Flasks, Class A Glass, Eisco, with Polypropylene Stopper, Graduated, White printed markings, Capacity: 1000 mL, CH0446IWT 1/EA | Thermo Fisher | S89446 | Chemicals to create Provasoli’s Enriched Seawater (PES) and vitamins for media enrichment |
Volumetric Flasks, Class A Glass, Eisco, with Polypropylene Stopper, Graduated, White printed markings, Capacity: 500 mL, CH0446HWT 1/EA | Thermo Fisher | S89445 | Chemicals to create Provasoli’s Enriched Seawater (PES) and vitamins for media enrichment |
Water Chiller 200-600GPM | Amazon | B07BHHP71C | Option 2 – Medium scale – Water bath systems |
Y-splitters for 4x6mm tubing | Amazon | B08XTJKFCH | Option 1 Small scale – Incubator |
Zinc sulfate heptahydrate BioReagent, suitable for cell culture | Sigma | Z0251-100G | Chemicals to create Provasoli’s Enriched Seawater (PES) and vitamins for media enrichment |