该协议描述了人诱导多能干细胞(iPSC)成小胶质细胞样细胞进行 体外 实验的分化过程。我们还包括从iPSC衍生的下运动神经元生成人突触体的详细程序,该神经元可用作使用活细胞成像系统进行 体外 吞噬测定的底物。
小胶质细胞是骨髓来源的常驻免疫细胞,在大脑微环境中维持稳态,已成为多种神经系统疾病的关键参与者。由于人类细胞供应极其有限,研究人类小胶质细胞在健康和疾病中是一项挑战。源自人类个体的诱导多能干细胞(iPSC)可用于规避这一屏障。在这里,展示了如何将人iPSCs分化为小胶质细胞样细胞(iMGs)以进行 体外 实验。这些iMG表现出小胶质细胞的预期和生理特性,包括小胶质细胞样形态,适当标志物的表达和活性吞噬作用。此外,还提供了用于分离和标记源自人 iPSC 衍生的下运动神经元(i3LMN)的突触体底物的文档。活细胞纵向成像测定用于监测用pH敏感染料标记的人突触体的吞噬,从而可以研究iMG的吞噬能力。本文描述的方案广泛适用于研究人类小胶质细胞生物学和小胶质细胞对疾病的贡献的不同领域。
小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统(CNS)中的常驻免疫细胞,在CNS的发展中起着至关重要的作用。小胶质细胞在成人大脑中对于维持体内平衡和积极应对创伤和疾病过程也很重要。累积证据表明,小胶质细胞是多种神经发育和神经退行性疾病发病机制的关键因素1,2。尽管目前关于小胶质细胞生物学的知识主要来自小鼠模型,但最近的研究阐明了小鼠和人类小胶质细胞之间的重要差异,强调了开发技术来研究人类小胶质细胞的遗传学和生物学功能的必要性3,4。从解剖的原代组织中分离小胶质细胞会严重改变小胶质细胞的特性5,这可能会混淆用这些细胞获得的结果。该方法的总体目标是将人iPSCs分化为iMG,从而提供细胞培养系统在基础条件下研究人小胶质细胞。此外,本文还包括使用全人模型系统的吞噬作用测定,作为研究iMGs功能的手段,既作为质量控制措施,又评估疾病背景下的iMG功能障碍。
最近在文献6,7,8,9,10中出现了从iPSC分化小胶质细胞的多种方案。某些方案的潜在缺点包括延长或长时间的分化,添加多种生长因子和/或复杂的实验程序6,9,10。在这里,展示了一种“用户友好”的分化方法,该方法通过将iPSC分化为称为原始巨噬细胞前体(PMP)的前体细胞来概括小胶质细胞个体发生的各个方面7,11。PMP如前所述生成,本文12中提供了一些优化。PMP模仿MYB非依赖性卵黄囊衍生的巨噬细胞,巨噬细胞在胚胎发育过程中通过在血脑屏障关闭之前侵入大脑而产生小胶质细胞13。为了最终将PMP分化为iMG,我们使用了基于Haenseler等人和Brownjohn等人的协议的快速简化的单一培养方法,并进行了一些修改以产生一种有效的小胶质细胞分化方法,其中iMG稳健地表达富含小胶质细胞的标记7,8。这种分化方法可以在具有iPSC培养专业知识的实验室中复制,其研究目标是使用人类模型系统研究小胶质细胞生物学。
iPSC来源的小胶质细胞是用于 体外 实验的人小胶质细胞的生物学相关来源,是研究小胶质细胞典型功能(包括吞噬作用)的重要工具。小胶质细胞是大脑和中枢神经系统的专业吞噬细胞,它们清除细胞碎片、聚集蛋白和降解的髓磷脂14。小胶质细胞还通过吞噬突触在突触重塑中发挥作用,并通过病原体的吞噬作用防御外部感染15,16。在该协议中,使用人突触体作为iMG吞噬的材料评估iMG的吞噬作用。为此,描述了分离源自人类i3LMN的突触体的描述。i3LMN衍生的人突触体用pH敏感染料标记,该染料允许在吞噬体加工和体外降解过程中定量位于酸性区室内的突触 体。显示了使用活细胞显微镜的吞噬作用测定,用于实时监测小胶质细胞吞噬的动态过程。该功能测定为使用完整的人体系统研究健康和疾病中小胶质细胞吞噬作用的可能缺陷奠定了基础。
此处描述的分化方案提供了一种有效的方法,可在~6-8周内获得iPSC衍生的小胶质细胞样细胞,具有高纯度和足够的产量,以进行免疫荧光实验和其他需要更多细胞数的测定。该协议在 1 周内产生了多达 1 × 106 iMG,这允许蛋白质和 RNA 提取以及相应的下游分析(例如,RNASeq、qRT-PCR、蛋白质印迹、质谱)。也就是说,该协议的局限性是iMG的产量可能会限制某些应用。可以实施额外的修饰以积?…
The authors have nothing to disclose.
作者感谢Michael Ward提供用于运动神经元分化的WTC11 hNIL iPSC系,感谢Jackson实验室提供用于小胶质细胞分化的KOLF2.1J WT克隆B03 iPSC系。我们还要感谢Dorothy Schafer在协议实施过程中的支持,Anthony Giampetruzzi和John Landers在活细胞成像系统方面的帮助,以及Hayden Gadd在修订期间的技术贡献和Jonathan Jung在这项研究中的合作。这项工作得到了UMASS Chan医学院的Dan和Diane Riccio神经科学基金和天使基金公司的支持。
Antibodies for immunofluorescence analysis | |||
anti-IBA1 rabbit antibody | Wako Chemical USA | NC9288364 | 1:350 dilution |
anti-P2RY12 rabbit antibody | Sigma-Aldrich | HPA014518 | 1:50 dilution |
anti-TMEM119 rabbit antibody | Sigma-Aldrich | HPA051870 | 1:100 dilution |
Antibodies for Western blot analysis | |||
anti-β-Tubulin rabbit antibody | Abcam | ab6046 | 1:500 dilution |
anti-Synaptophysin (SYP) rabbit antibody | Abclonal | A6344 | 1:1,000 dilution |
anti-PSD95 mouse antibody | Millipore | MAB1596 | 1:500 dilution |
Borate buffer components | |||
Boric acid (100 mM) | Sigma | B6768 | |
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) BioXtra | Sigma-Aldrich | S6297-250G | |
Sodium chloride (75 mM) | Sigma | S7653 | |
Sodium tetraborate (25 mM) | Sigma | 221732 | |
Cell culture materials | |||
6-well plates | Greiner Bio-One | 657160 | |
40 μm Cell Strainers | Falcon | 352340 | |
100 mm x 20 mm Tissue Culture Treated | CELLTREAT | 229620 | |
Cell Lifter, Double End, Flat Blade & Narrow Blade, Sterile | CELLTREAT | 229305 | |
low adherence round-bottom 96-well plate | Corning | 7007 | |
Primaria 24-well Flat Bottom Surface Modified Multiwell Cell Culture Plate | Corning | 353847, | |
Primaria 6-well Cell Clear Flat Bottom Surface-Modified Multiwell Culture Plate | Corning | 353846 | |
Primaria 96-well Clear Flat Bottom Microplate | Corning | 353872 | |
Cell dissociation reagents | |||
Accutase | Corning | 25058CI | dissociation reagents used for lower motor neuron differentiation |
TrypLE reagent | Life Technologies | 12-605-010 | dissociation reagents used for microglia differentiation |
UltraPure 0.5 M EDTA, pH 8.0 | Invitrogen | 15575020 | |
Coating reagents for cell culture | |||
Matrigel GFR Membrane Matrix | Corning™ | 354230 | Referred as to extracellular matrix coating reagent |
CellAdhere Laminin-521 | STEMCELL Technology | 77004 | Referred as to laminin 521 |
Poly-D-Lysine | Sigma | P7405 | Reconstitute to 0.1 mg/mL in borate buffer |
Poly-L-Ornithine | Sigma | P3655 | Reconstitute to 1 mg/mL in borate buffer |
Components of iPSC media | |||
mTeSR Plus Kit | STEMCELL Technology | 100-0276 | To prepare iPSC media mixed the components to 1x |
Components of EB media | |||
BMP-4 | Fisher Scientific | PHC9534 | final concentration 50 ng/mL |
iPSC media | final concentration 1x | ||
ROCK inhibitor Y27632 | Fisher Scientific | BD 562822 | final concentration 10 µM |
SCF | PeproTech | 300-07 | final concentration 20 ng/mL |
VEGF | PeproTech | 100-20A | final concentration 50 ng/mL |
Components of PMP base media | |||
GlutaMAX | Gibco | 35050061 | final concentration 1x |
Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) | Gibco | 15140122 | final concentration 100 U/mL |
X-VIVO 15 | Lonza | 12001-988 | final concentration 1x |
Components of PMP complete media | |||
55 mM 2-mercaptoethanol | Gibco | 21985023 | final concentration 55 µM |
IL-3 | PeproTech | 200-03 | final concentration 25 ng/mL |
M-CSF | PeproTech | 300-25 | final concentration 100 ng/mL |
PMP base media | final concentration 1x | ||
Components of iMG base media | |||
Advanced DMEM/F12 | Gibco | 12634010 | final concentration 1x |
GlutaMAX | Gibco | 35050061 | final concentration 1x |
N2 supplement, 100x | Gibco | 17502-048 | final concentration 1x |
Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) | Gibco | 15140122 | final concentration 100 U/mL |
Components of iMG complete media | |||
55 mM 2-mercaptoethanol | Gibco | 21985023 | final concentration 55 µM |
IL-34 | PeproTech or Biologend | 200-34 or 577904 | final concentration 100 ng/mL |
iMG base media | final concentration 1x | ||
M-CSF | PeproTech | 300-25 | final concentration 5 ng/mL |
TGF-β | PeproTech | 100-21 | final concentration 50 ng/mL |
Components of Induction base media | |||
DMEM/F12 with HEPES | Gibco | 11330032 | final concentration 1x |
GlutaMAX | Gibco | 35050061 | final concentration 1x |
N2 supplement, 100x | Gibco | 17502-048 | final concentration 1x |
Non-essential amino acids (NEAA), 100x | Gibco | 11140050 | final concentration 1x |
Components of Complete induction media | |||
Compound E | Calbiochem | 565790 | final concentration 0.2 μM and reconstitute stock reagent to 2 mM in 1:1 ethanol and DMSO |
Doxycycline | Sigma | D9891 | final concentration 2 μg/mL and reconstitute stock reagent to 2 mg/mL in DPBS |
Induction base media | final concentration 1x | ||
ROCK inhibitor Y27632 | Fisher Scientific | BD 562822 | final concentration 10 μM |
Components of Neuron media | |||
B-27 Plus Neuronal Culture System | Gibco | A3653401 | final concentration 1x for media and suplemment |
GlutaMAX | Gibco | 35050061 | final concentration 1x |
N2 supplement, 100x | Gibco | 17502-048 | final concentration 1x |
Non-essential amino acids (NEAA), 100x | Gibco | 11140050 | final concentration 1x |
iPSC lines used in this study | |||
KOLF2.1J: WT clone B03 | The Jackson Laboratories | ||
WTC11 hNIL | National Institute of Health | ||
Synaptosome isolation reagents | |||
BCA Protein Assay Kit | Thermo Scientific Pierce | 23227 | |
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) | Sigma | D2650 | |
Syn-PER Synaptic Protein Extraction Reagent | Thermo Scientific | 87793 | Referred as to cell lysis reagent for isolation of synaptosomes |
Phagocytosis assay dyes | |||
NucBlue Live Ready reagent | Invitrogen | R37605 | |
pHrodo Red, succinimidyl ester | ThermoFisher Scientific | P36600 | Referred as to pH-sensitive dye |
Other cell-culture reagents | |||
Trypan Blue, 0.4% Solution | AMRESCO INC | K940-100ML | |
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) | Sigma | 22144-77-0 | |
BrdU | Sigma | B9285 | Reconstitute to 40 mM in sterile water |
Cytochalasin D | Sigma | final concentration 10 µM | |
DPBS with Calcium and magnesium | Corning | 21-030-CV | |
DPBS without calcium and magnesium | Corning | 21-031-CV | Referred as to DPBS |
KnockOut DMEM/F-12 | Gibco | 12660012 | Referred as to DMEM-F12 optimized for growth of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells |
Laminin Mouse Protein, Natural | Gibco | 23017015 | Referred as to laminin |
Software and Equipment | |||
Centrifuge | Eppendorf | Model 5810R | |
Cytation 5 live cell imaging reader | Biotek | ||
Gen5 Microplate Reader and Imager Software | Biotek | version 3.03 | |
Multi-Therm Heat-Shake | Benchmark | refer as tube shaker | |
Water sonicator | Elma | Mode Transsonic 310 |