槲寄生根除器 - 同时机械和化学控制槲寄生的新型工具
Summary
该协议描述了一种易于操作的工具，称为槲寄生根除器，它结合了机械和化学方法，可以有效地控制宿主树上的槲寄生感染。该手稿以欧洲槲寄生（Viscum专辑 亚种 专辑 L.）为例。
Abstract
一些槲寄生动物，一种空中植物半寄生虫，由于其与各种生物的营养和主题关联，同时充当生物海盗，通过haustorium窃取水和养分来耗尽宿主树，从而在生态系统中发挥类似Janus的作用，因为它们是丰富的生物多样性热点。许多农作物和木材树木受到槲寄生的攻击，例如，矮槲寄生针叶树，Tapinanthus属的代表以番石榴为目标，而Phoradendron Mistletoe针对山核桃。最近，2018年，欧洲槲寄生（Viscum专辑亚种专辑L.）在普通核桃的单一栽培摊位（Juglans regia L.）中首次在印度克什米尔山谷的不同地区记录了越来越多的感染。基于用生长调节剂ethephon和草甘膦喷洒槲寄生外生菌的常见化学方法，由于V. album在下一个植被季节重新发芽，因此效率不高。槲寄生的手工修剪非常耗时，聚乙烯覆盖物导致宿主组织的局部腐烂。根除槲寄生的最有效方法是使用一种称为槲寄生根除器的新型工具，该工具允许同时使用机械和化学手段控制槲寄生。它由一个操纵杆和终端修剪锯组成，该修剪锯具有一个装满生长调节剂的容器，液体从中通过喷嘴缓慢地滴到锯片上。它允许从地面和树冠上工作。在靶向施用5%-10%的乙草磷或草甘膦到刚修剪的V的基部后。与唯一修剪或喷洒的外生菌相比，在修剪后9个月，皮质茎（存根），外生菌重新发芽显着减少。槲寄生根除剂的替代变体是在乌克兰建造的，其中仅填充了食用色素添加剂来跟踪液体滴落，并成功进行了测试。
Introduction
槲寄生是一组分类学上多样化的空中茎半寄生虫，属于Loranthaceae，Viscaceae，Santalaceae，Amphorogynaceae和Misodendraceae家族（Santalales目）。它们通过称为haustorium（内生菌）的特定解剖桥附着在易感的宿主树上，并且在很大程度上依赖于宿主的水和营养供应，但仍然能够通过称为exophyte1，2的绿色空中部分进行光合作用。虽然槲寄生可能被认为是为各种生物提供食物和庇护所的多样性热点，但一些槲寄生物种确实是生物海盗，通过减少其年度顶端和侧向生长，开花和结果以及促进真菌和细菌等生物入侵者的攻击来影响宿主的健康，健康和寿命3，4，5.同时，槲寄生在传统和民间医学中被大量使用，是堆肥，覆盖物，饲料的组成部分，并作为季节性生态旅游景点6，7，8。
一些臭名昭着的寄生槲寄生槲是侏儒槲寄生槲（Arceuthobium spp.;檀香科）减少北美针叶树的生长9和墨西哥10; Tapinanthus （Blume） Rchb. mistletoes （Loranthaceae） 攻击非洲的可可（Theobroma cacao L.） 和 Citrus L. 种植园11，12;毛茸茸的槲寄生（Taxillus tomentosus （Heyne ex Roth） van Tiegh.;Loranthaceae）影响印度大戟科树木， Phyllanthus emblica L.和 Phyllanthus indofischeri Bennet，两者在当地被称为Amla13;和欧洲槲寄生（Viscum专辑 亚版 专辑 L.;Viscaceae）具有广泛的宿主谱（超过450种树种）14，15 ，并在欧洲迅速传播，其范围向北移动16。
核桃（Juglans regia L.）是克什米尔山谷中一种重要的园艺经济作物，约占印度核桃年产量的85%17。除了其他生物胁迫，如叶斑，炭疽病，冠胆，茎溃疡，核桃枯萎病或蕾丝虫（Paracopium cingalense （Walker，1873）;攻击克什米尔山谷核桃的异翅目：Tingidae），V. album，当地称为banada，kaw-khoor或nalkachul，也严重侵扰这些树木，也很少寄生杨树（杨树 L.;克什米尔山谷的杨树是次要宿主）18。这种局部感染可以通过在2-3年的早期发育阶段可能同时引入 V. album 来解释，当时其外生菌几乎看不见，来自一些植物苗圃的核桃种植材料。反过来，当地的杨树，欧洲这种槲寄生的广泛易感的主要宿主，可能会被鸟类带到邻近的 J. regia 果园。
除了核桃之外，多叶的槲寄生在其他坚果树上，例如，杏仁（Prunus dulcis （Mill.） D.A. Webb）在地中海欧洲和克里米亚（乌克兰）以及Phoradendron Nutt的代表中受到V. album的攻击。属在北美14，15，19;Common hazel （Corylus avellane L.） by V. album in Europe14，15;山核桃（Carya illinoinensis （Wangenh.）K.Koch）由橡树槲寄生（Phoradendron flavescens （Pursh） Nutt.）在美国东南部20，21，和V.专辑在欧洲14;澳洲坚果（澳洲坚果F. Muell.）由闪亮叶槲寄生（Benthamina alyxifolia （F.Muell. ex Benth.））Tiegh.），伴随海岸槲寄生（Mullerina celastroides（Sieb. ex. Schult & Schult. f.）Tiegh.），直立槲寄生（Amyema congener （Sieber ex Schult. & Schult. f.）Tiegh.），光滑的槲寄生（Dendrophthoe glabrescens （Blakeley） Barlow）和长花槲寄生（Dendrophthoe vitelline（Sieb. ex. Schult & Schult.f.）Tiegh.）在澳大利亚22 （Watson， 2018）;kolanut （Cola nitida （Vent.）Schott & Endl.）作者：Phragmanthera incana （Schumach.）Balle and Tapinanthus bangwensis （Engl. & K.Krause） Danser in Nigeria23;和腰果（Anacardium occidentale L.）由Psittacanthus plagiophyllus Eichler在亚马逊稀树草原24。
目前，槲寄生控制战略是在病虫害综合管理范式的框架内发展的，结合机械，化学和生物手段来减少侵扰4，7，25，26，27，28。环保型槲寄生生物防治方法涉及使用槲寄生的天敌，如细菌、坏死菌、食草动物，甚至寄生槲寄生3、4、7、29、30 ，但由于生物剂的非特异性和作用小，应用有限。尽管切割和修剪被认为是最传统和最有效的槲寄生控制手段26，30，31，32，但外生菌经常重新发芽。为了用化学品喷洒槲寄生外生菌，向槲寄生残渣或宿主茎注射内吸除草剂，例如草甘膦，2，4-二氯苯氧基乙酸（2，4-D），4-（2，4-二氯苯氧基）丁酸（2，4-DB）或2，4，5-三氯苯氧乙酸（2，4，5-T）3，33 或乙烯释放落叶剂和成熟增强剂，例如ethephon或（2-氯乙基）-膦酸）34，35.将外生菌修剪到2-3厘米的短枝以及用细刷切割槲寄生残根末端的ethephon的组合减少了 V. 这启发了槲寄生根除剂的发展，它可以同时对槲寄生生长进行机械和化学控制。
在这里，我们介绍了一种易于操作且广泛可用的工具，称为槲寄生根除器，它结合了机械和化学方法控制槲寄生的优势，并防止其重新发芽。该工具允许经过认证的树木学家，植物病理学家，林务员，园艺师，造林学家，植物生态学家，经验丰富的园丁和其他指导用户从地面，高空作业台或树木中应对槲寄生挑战。该工具对槲寄生外生菌进行有针对性的修剪，同时将少量生长调节剂直接滴在修剪过的槲寄生茎上。槲寄生 Eradicator在印度36 获得专利，用于成功控制克什米尔山谷核桃上不断增加的 V. album亚种 专辑 感染。该工具的更新版本是在乌克兰设计的，并介绍给当地的树木学家，以便在现场测试中练习，只需使用食用色素添加剂即可跟踪除草剂的下降。值得注意的是，槲寄生根除剂可以很容易地组装起来，并用于根据国家环境法和当地人类社区的批准，在其侵扰地点控制其他具有宿主侵略性的槲寄生物种。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
槲寄生不能完全被视为害虫，因为其中许多槲寄生槲不能完全被视为害虫，因为它们作为生物多样性热点，在生态系统中发挥着至关重要的作用，并连接了多种生物的热带和局部中心，其行为更像是附生植物而不是寄生虫，对其宿主的负面影响可以忽略不计6，8。因此，旨在控制其传播的措施必须是高度选择性的，并且基于对特定槲寄生物种的生物学和…
Offenlegungen
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
作者感谢植物分类学家Norbert Holstein博士（德国波恩大学Nees植物生物多样性研究所）在槲寄生物种的初步鉴定中给予的善意帮助。从克什米尔以下农民和核桃种植园主那里获得了许可，他们为我们的实验提供了受感染的树木，即阿卜杜勒·拉希德·雷希（R/O村Reshii Mohalla，Khag，Budgam），Habib-Ullah Sheikh（R / O村Trapii，Khag，Budgam），Showket Ahmad Rasray（R / O村Hamchii Pora，Budgam），Ghulam Hassan Shah（R / O Nagbal， Khag，Budgam）和Javeed Ahmad Qureshi（R / O村Lowahi Pora，Khag，Budgam）。槲寄生 Eradicator操作模式的图纸由美术家Natalia Pendiur（乌克兰基辅）制作，并受到高度赞赏。Maksym Lashchenko（捷克共和国奥洛穆茨）在图像处理和技术描述方面提供了帮助。
Materials
| Components of Indian Mistletoe Eradicator* | |||
| Bosch 2607010538 HSS-G Drill Bit Set, Silver | Bosch | 2607010538 | https://www.amazon.co.uk/Bosch-Professional-2607010538-HSS-G-Silver/dp/B001IBMPL2 |
| Container- Aluminium Bottle- with screw plug Cap | Suparna Exports, Pvt. LTD | n/a | http://www.aluminumbottlecans.com/aluminum-bottles-with-screw-plugs.php |
| Drill GSR12V-300HXB22 | Bosch | GSR12V-300HXB22 | https://www.boschtools.com/us/en/boschtools-ocs/cordless-screwdrivers-gsr12v-300hxb22-207019-p/ |
| Genuine C04AL-1487425 engine valve guide for engine spare parts | Shangchai | C04AL-1487425 | https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Genuine-C04AL-1487425-engine-valve-guide_60704258097.html?spm=a2700.details.0.0.2cfb6b8b2k JBOB |
| HBCHEN Handheld Welder Gun Portable Welding Machine, 220V Small Welding Machine and 110V Arc Welder | HBCHEN | YB320 | https://www.amazon.com/HBCHEN-Handheld-Portable-Eliminate-Experience/dp/B097BWBCMB |
| The nozzle: stainless steel outer bolt hollow-through lamp with hole screw | n/a | M6M8M10M12 | https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32950601820.html?spm=a2g0o.seo_rank.0.0.62642d1 fLzjNFL |
| The pruning saw blade | Lee Valley | 09A0356 | https://www.leevalley.com/en-us/shop/garden/garden-care/saws/76626-pruning-saw-blade?item=09A0356 |
| Components of an alternative Ukrainian Mistletoe Eradicator* | |||
| Aluminium Telescopic Hand Gardena Combisystem 160-290 cm | ROZETKA | Code 03720-20 | https://rozetka.com.ua/202484293/p202484293/characteristics/ |
| Amazon Basics Multi-Purpose Cable Ties – 4-Inch/100mm | Amazon Basics | n/a | https://www.amazon.com/AmazonBasics-Multi-Purpose-Cable-Ties-200-Piece/dp/B087MKMSDY/ref=sr_1_1_sspa?crid=3FEZFXGOR4VPC&keywords =cable%2Bties&qid=1642924567&sprefix =Cable%2Btie%2Caps%2C162&sr=8-1-spons&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVh bGlmaWVyPUEyTU9QMEo2WUp YMjBLJmVuY3J5cHRlZElkPUEwM jYzMDkxQUtWODVWU00xU0ZYJ mVuY3J5cHRlZEFkSWQ9QTA1O Tc2NjUyVzdHV0E4UUZOWkU1Jn dpZGdldE5hbWU9c3BfYXRmJmF jdGlvbj1jbGlja1JlZGlyZWN0JmRv Tm90TG9nQ2xpY2s9dHJ1ZQ&th= 1 |
| Garden saw GARTNER 540/360 mm with bar handle | Gärtner | Code 80001003 | https://gartner-tools.com/ru/product/pila-sadovaja-540-360-mm-s-rukojatkoj-pod-shtangu-gartner/ |
| Loppers INTERTOOL HT-3111 | ROZETKA | Code 263723496 | https://rozetka.com.ua/intertool_ht_3111/p263723496/characteristics/ |
| M4 / 4mm DOOR HANDLE SCREWS BOLTS 20-22 mm | Boltworld | n/a | https://boltworld.co.uk/collections/m4-bolts/products/m4-4mm-door-handle-screws-bolts-9mm-50mm-lengths-cupboard-door-drawer-knob?variant=15820185469021 |
| M4 Hexagon Weld Nut A4 Stainless Nut DIN 929 | Boltworld | n/a | https://boltworld.co.uk/products/m4-hexagon-weld-nut-a4-stainless-nut-din-929?_pos=1&_sid=a8a2c15c9&_ss=r& variant=32145946706013 |
| Sarstedt 5ml Screw Cap Tube with Rounded False Bottom and Cap Assembled, with Print, 92×15.3, PP | Sarstedt | n/a | https://www.amazon.com/Sarstedt-Rounded-Bottom-Assembled-92×15-3/dp/B07GXZ51BN |
| Chemicals | |||
| Ammonium salt of Glyphosate 71% SG EXCEL MERA 71 | Excel Crop Care | n/a | http://www.excelcropcare.com/product/domestic/crop-protection/herbicides/excel-mera-71.php |
| E-160c* | EUROIMPEX | n/a | https://euroimpex.net.ua/ru/krasiteli/ |
| Ethephon (“Promoter”) | Fil, India Ltd | n/a | https://www.filindustries.com/our-businesses.php |
| Protection* | |||
| Gloves Tegera Cut Control | EJENDALS | TEGERA 9121 | https://www.ejendals.com/globalassets/inriver/resources/9121_productsheet_en. |
| Helmet CAMP Rockstar | CAMP | ID: 0202 | https://www.camp-usa.com/outdoor/product/helmets/rock-star-helmet/ |
| Mesh visor Stihl | STIHL | n/a | https://www.stihl.co.uk/STIHL-Products/Personal-protective-equipment/Face-and-ear-protection/22184-1545/Face-hearing-protection-nylon-mesh.aspx |
| SAS/STAT | SAS Institute Inc. 2013, USA | statistical analysis software | |
| *materials and equipment marked with asterisks are changeable and can be modified and adjusted basing on the country of the use and avaliability of the components in the market. Moreover, Mistletoe Eradicator can be custom-tailored by the professional welding engineer. |
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