A Tailored HPLC Purification Protocol That Yields High-purity Amyloid Beta 42 and Amyloid Beta 40 Peptides, Capable of Oligomer Formation

Christopher J. A. Warner; Subrata Dutta; Alejandro R. Foley; Jevgenij A. Raskatov

doi:10.3791/55482

JoVE Journal > Biochemistry

Biochemie

A Tailored HPLC Purification Protocol That Yields High-purity Amyloid Beta 42 and Amyloid Beta 40 Peptides, Capable of Oligomer Formation

Published: March 27, 2017

doi:

10.3791/55482

Christopher J. A. Warner¹, Subrata Dutta¹, Alejandro R. Foley¹, Jevgenij A. Raskatov¹

¹Department of Chemistry,University of California, Santa Cruz

Summary

Herein we report a tailored HPLC purification protocol that yields high-purity amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) and amyloid beta 40 (Aβ40) peptides, capable of oligomer formation. Amyloid beta is a highly aggregation prone, hydrophobic peptide implicated in Alzheimer's disease. The amyloidogenic nature of the peptide makes its purification a challenge.

Abstract

Amyloidogenic peptides such as the Alzheimer’s disease-implicated Amyloid beta (Aβ), can present a significant challenge when trying to obtain high purity material. Here we present a tailored HPLC purification protocol to produce high-purity amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) and amyloid beta 40 (Aβ40) peptides. We have found that the combination of commercially available hydrophobic poly(styrene/divinylbenzene) stationary phase, polymer laboratory reverse phase – styrenedivinylbenzene (PLRP-S) under high pH conditions, enables the attainment of high purity (>95%) Aβ42 in a single chromatographic run. The purification is highly reproducible and can be amended to both semi-preparative and analytical conditions depending upon the amount of material wished to be purified. The protocol can also be applied to the Aβ40 peptide with identical success and without the need to alter the method.

Introduction

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that effects over 35 million people worldwide.¹ Implicated strongly in the onset and development of the disease, is the highly aggregation prone, hydrophobic peptide Amyloid beta (Aβ).² Aβ ranges from 36 to 43 amino acids in length, however, it is thought that the 42-amino acid variant, amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42), is the most toxic form of the protein.³ This is due in most part to the ability of Aβ42 to readily form diffusible, oligomeric species that are believed to be particularly neurotoxic entities.⁴ In order to further our understanding of the Aβ peptide, it is essential to routinely obtain high purity material. The presence of trace impurities has been shown to dramatically alter the aggregation propensity properties of the peptide.⁵

Traditionally, the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation of hydrophobic peptides such as Aβ has been done through the use of a combination of C₄ or C₈ silica-based stationary phases and an acidic mobile phase.⁶ However, such conditions can present a challenge to the purification of the peptide. The low isoelectric point of the Aβ peptide (pI approximately 5.5)⁷means that under acidic conditions, peptide aggregation is increased and as a result broad, non-resolved HPLC peaks that are often difficult to isolate are produced (Figure 2A). Furthermore, such broad peaks often contain impurities which may impact the aggregation profile of the peptide, and commonly require subsequent rounds of purification which can dramatically impact the amount of peptide produced.

The poly(styrene/divinylbenzene) stationary phase, PLRP-S, represents an alternative means of purifying hydrophobic peptides. The stationary phase has been employed in the purification of a number of different proteins and messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNA).⁸^,⁹ The PLRP-S stationary phase requires no additional alkyl ligand for reverse phase separation, and more importantly is chemically stable at high pH which leads to deaggregation of the peptide.⁷ Herein, we report a tailored HPLC purification protocol that yields high purity amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) and amyloid beta 40 (Aβ40) peptides.

Protocol

1. Preparative HPLC Purification of the Aβ40 or Aβ42 Peptide

Prepare the following buffers for the HPLC purification.
1. Prepare buffer A (20 mM NH₄OH) by adding 1.3 mL of NH₄OH (28% solution) to 1,000 mL of ultrapure water.
2. Prepare buffer B (80% acetonitrile with 20 mM NH₄OH) by adding 1.3 mL of NH₄OH (28% solution) to a solution of 800 mL of HPLC-grade acetonitrile and 200 mL of ultrapure water.
3. Prepare sample dissolution buffer (0.1% NH₄OH) by adding 100 µL of NH₄OH (28% solution) to 100 mL of ultrapure water.
Setup the HPLC instrument as shown in Figure 1.
1. Fit the solvent bottles that contain buffer A and buffer B to the inlets of the HPLC pump using polymer tubing. Attach the polymer tubing to the HPLC pump with a one-piece fitting. Ensure that the polymer tubing of each buffer is fitted to the correct inlet valve of the instrument. Fit the HPLC pump with a degasser.
2. Couple the HPLC pump with the inlet of the 300 Å 8 µm 25 mm х 300 mm preparative column (Figure 1B, far left column, see Materials List) using polymer tubing.
  1. Attach the polymer tubing to the preparative column with a one-piece finger tight fitting. Ensure that the polymer column is orientated in the correct manner.
    NOTE: The stationary phase of the preparative column is comprised of poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) particles. The correct orientation of the polymer column is marked on the outer casing with a single directional arrow.
3. Connect the outlet of the column to the dual wavelength detector using polymer tubing and set the wavelength detector to 214 nm and 280 nm.
  1. Alter the wavelength by changing the detection wavelength parameters in the setup instrument method option of the built-in HPLC software.
4. Attach the polymer tubing to the inlet of the wavelength detector with a one-piece finger tight fitting. Attach polymer tubing to the output valve of the wavelength detector. Attach the polymer tubing to the outlet valve of the HPLC detector with a one-piece finger tight fitting. This will be the sample collection tubing.
  NOTE: The lack of a strong chromophore on the Aβ peptide dictates that 214 nm be used as the primary ultraviolet (UV) wavelength for peak collection.

Figure 1: Experimental setup of the HPLC instrument used for purification of the amyloid beta peptides. (A) The quaternary HPLC pump fitted with a degasser and variable wavelength detector set to 214 nm and 280 nm; (B) HPLC columns used for purification of the amyloid beta peptides, from left to right, 25 x 300 mm² preparative column, 7.5 x 300 mm² semi preparative column and 4.6 x 250 mm² analytical column; (C) Manual injector with 20 µL stainless steel injection loop used for analytical HPLC; (D) Manual injector with 10 mL stainless steel injection loop used for preparative and semi preparative purification. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Program the HPLC software to run the purification method as shown in Table 1. Enter the purification method by changing the solvent timetable parameter (in the setup instrument method option built into the HPLC software). Turn on the HPLC pump by clicking the "on" button on the HPLC software.
NOTE: The pump will begin supplying starting ratio of buffer A and buffer B through the preparative column and the HPLC instrument.
1. Leave the system for 30 min to fully equilibrate.

Time / min	% of Buffer A^a	% of Buffer B^b	Flow Rate^d / mL min^-1
0	80	20	6
45	75.5	24.5	6
45.01	80	20	6
52.01	80	20	6
52.02	73	27	6
85	73	27	6
92	5	95^c	6

Table 1: Timetable for the purification of the Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides using the 25 × 300 mm polymer column.^aBuffer A – H₂O with 20 mM NH₄OH; ^b80% MeCN / 20% H₂O with 20 mM NH₄OH; ^cRan for 15 min to wash the column prior to the next injection of sample; ^dIn order to run a flow rate of 6 mL/min on the HPLC instrumentation, the pressure limit needs to be reduced to 200 bar.

Purification of the Aβ peptide sample
Note: The crude peptide was obtained through automated solid-phase peptide synthesis.¹⁰
1. Dissolve 3 mg of crude Aβ peptide in 4 mL of the sample dissolution buffer. Sonicate the sample for 30-60 s at room temperature and at a frequency of 40 kHz to aid dissolution.
2. Inject the entire sample onto the HPLC column using a 5 mL plastic syringe fitted with a 16-gauge stainless steel needle. Run the purification method as outlined in sub-step 1.3.
  NOTE: The system enables sample injection to be done through the use of a manual injector fitted with a 10 mL stainless steel injection loop (Figure 1D). The desired Aβ peptide will elute between 72 and 74 min as a sharp resolved peak (Figure 2C).
3. Collect the sample into a 50 mL conical centrifuge tube. Confirm the identity of the Aβ peak through direct injection mass spectrometry of the collected eluent.¹¹ Store the eluent for up to 12 h at -20 °C.
  NOTE: Storage of the solution for periods longer than 12 h is not advised due to the potential for oxidation of the peptide.
4. Isolate the purified peptide by flash freezing the collected aliquot/aliquots of the Aβ peptide in liquid nitrogen and lyophilize. Perform lyophilization by freeze-drying the sample at a temperature of -60 °C and a pressure of 20 mTorr for a period of 24 h.
5. Run the analytical HPLC protocol as outlined below to determine the purity of the Aβ peptide. Store peptides in their lyophilized form at -20 °C for a period of up to 6 months.

2. Analytical HPLC Analysis of the Purified Aβ Protein

Prepare the HPLC buffers as outlined in sub-section 1.1. of the above protocol.
Setup the analytical HPLC as per step 1.2.1 and as depicted in Figure 1 with the 4.6 × 250 mm analytical column (Figure 1B, far right column) and the manual injector with 20 µL stainless steel injection loop (Figure 1C) fitted to the instrument.
Program the HPLC software to run the analytical method as shown in Table 2 following instructions similar to those in step 1.3.

Time / min	% of Buffer A^a	% of Buffer B^b	Flow Rate / mL min^-1
0	95	5	1
30	50	50	1

Table 2: Timetable for the HPLC purity analysis of the Aβ peptide. ^aBuffer A – H₂O with 20 mM NH₄OH; ^b80% MeCN / 20% H₂O with 20 mM NH₄OH.

Purity analysis of the Aβ peptide
1. Prepare a 1 mg/mL solution of the purified peptide through dissolution of the peptide in the sample buffer solution.
  NOTE: The buffer recipe can be found in sub-section 1.1. Protein concentration is determined by measuring the protein absorption at 280 nm (A_280nm).¹² The molar extinction coefficient (ε) used to determine concentration is ε = 1,490 dm³ mol^-1 cm^-1.¹³
2. Inject 20 µL of the 1 mg/mL (222 µM) solution onto the HPLC column and run the analytical method that was setup in step 2.3.
  NOTE: The remaining solution not used for analysis can be flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and lyophilized to recover the Aβ peptide. Lyophilization details can be found in sub-section 1.4.4. The Aβ peptide will elute from the analytical column between 16 and 18 min (Figure 2D). Use the built-in integration analysis software that accompanies the HPLC instrument to determine the purity of the Aβ peptide. Purity is determined by integrating each of the individual peaks on the spectrum and calculating peptide-peak percentage area. Typically, a purification of >95% should be ascertained.

Figure 2: Representative HPLC traces of Aβ42. (A) Traditional C₄silica purification, conditions: Buffer A: H₂O with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), buffer B: MeCN (acetonitrile) with 0.1% TFA, gradient: 20 to 27% buffer B over 40 min followed by isocratic 27% buffer B; (B) Preparative purification using the 25 x 300 mm² polymer column, conditions: Buffer A: H₂O with 20 mM NH₄OH, buffer B: 80% MeCN / 20% H₂O with 20 mM NH₄OH, gradient: 20 to 27% buffer B over 70 min followed by isocratic 27% buffer B; (C) Optimized preparative purification using the 25 x 300 mm² polymer column, conditions are described in Table 1 located in sub-section 1.3 of the protocol description text; (D) Analytical HPLC using the 4.6 x 250 mm² polymer column, conditions: Buffer A: H₂O with 20 mM NH₄OH, buffer B: 80% MeCN / 20% H₂O with 20 mM NH₄OH, gradient-5 to 50% buffer B over 30 min. For parts A, B and C the peak corresponding to Aβ42 is marked by an asterisk. Collection of the marked Aβ42 peak in part C reveals a purity of >95% as shown in part D. Mass spectrometry was used to determine the identity of the Aβ42 peak. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Representative Results

The purification of the Aβ42 peptide using a combination of the PLRP-S stationary phase and a high pH mobile phase results in the formation of a sharp, resolved peak for the Aβ peptide at a retention time between 72 and 74 min (Figure 2C). Confirmation of the identity of the peak is done through direct injection mass spectrometry of the collected eluent. The eluent can be stored at -20 °C in solution for up to 12 h. Longer periods of storage may result in oxidation of the protein. To isolate the purified peptide, the eluent is flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and lyophilized. Analytical HPLC of the purified peptide reveals a purity of >95% (Figure 2D). The same procedure can be used to purify the Aβ40 peptide (Figure 3A) without modification of the method. Analytical HPLC indicates a purity of Aβ40 to be greater than 95% (Figure 3B).

Figure 3: Representative HPLC traces of Aβ40. (A) Optimized preparative purification using the 25 x 300 mm² polymer column, conditions are described in Table 1 located in sub-section 1.3 of the protocol description text. The peak corresponding to Aβ40 is marked with an asterisk. (B) Analytical HPLC using the 4.6 x 250 mm² polymer column, conditions: Buffer A: H₂O with 20 mM NH₄OH, buffer B: 80% MeCN / 20% H₂O with 20 mM NH₄OH, gradient: 5 to 50% buffer B over 30 min. Collection of the marked Aβ40 peak in part A reveals a purity of >95% as shown in part B. Mass spectrometry was used to determine the identity of the Aβ40 peak. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

In order to confirm that the purified peptide can form oligomeric mixtures, we performed photo-induced crosslinking of unmodified proteins (PICUP) as previously described¹⁴^,¹⁵ and were able to robustly observe oligomer formation.¹⁰

Discussion

The HPLC purification of the Aβ peptide is highly dependent upon the choice of both the stationary phase employed in the purification and the mobile phase chosen to elute the peptide. The low isoelectric point of the peptide and high propensity for aggregation render traditional chromatographic conditions for the separation of hydrophobic proteins (C4 or C8 stationary phase coupled with an acidic mobile eluent) challenging, with the Aβ peptide eluting as a prolonged broad, non-resolved peak (Figure 2A).

To circumvent this issue, the PLRP-S stationary phase, chemically stable at high pH was found to be effective for the purification of the Aβ peptide (Figure 2B and 2C). The use of a high pH mobile phase minimized the degree of aggregation, and when optimized, gave rise to a sharp, well-resolved peak. In the optimized protocol, the percentage of buffer B was rapidly switched from 20% to 27% at the 52-minute time point and as a result, gave rise to a well-defined Aβ peak (Figure 2C). This optimized protocol relies on all of the hydrophobic impurities being eluted from the column during the initial 20 to 24.5% increase in buffer B concentration. If impurities are found which are of a similar hydrophobicity as the Aβ peptide, then further optimization of the HPLC protocol may be warranted. The optimized method was highly reproducible amongst individual batches of synthesized Aβ and was capable of purifying both 40 and 42 variants of the peptide without any changes to the optimized procedure (Figure 3). For both peptides, the purity as determined by analytical HPLC was found to be greater than 95%.

Given the reports of trace impurities altering the aggregation propensity of the Aβ peptide, it is advisable that an orthogonal biophysical characterization be employed to confirm that the purified peptide is able to undergo oligomerization. Using previously reported protocols we chose to perform PICUP.¹⁴^,¹⁵ PICUP analysis of the purified proteins demonstrates the characteristic monomer through hexamer population distribution for the Aβ40 peptide and the monomer through heptamer distribution associated with the Aβ42 peptide.¹⁰ These results confirm that purification of the Aβ peptides using the PLRP-S stationary phase and a high pH mobile eluent results in Aβ proteins that are capable of aggregation.

The purification procedure reported is designed to be able to purify up to 3 mg of the Aβ peptide in a single chromatographic run. For this procedure, it is critical to set the flow rate of the HPLC instrument at 6 mL/min. If lower flow rates of the HPLC pump are used, the HPLC run time should be extended to accommodate this. Conversely, the use of higher flow rates may warrant a reduction in the HPLC run time. However, reduction of the run time can result in the co-elution of the Aβ peak with other peaks and therefore lower the purity of the Aβ peptide collected. Furthermore, the HPLC instrumentation and size of the chromatographic column used for purification can greatly affect the amount of material that can be purified in a single run. If no peak is produced at the expected eluent time of the Aβ peptide, and a large peak is produced at the eluent time corresponding to the solvent front, then too much material was initially loaded onto the column. Reducing the amount of material injected onto the HPLC column for each run will circumvent this problem. Once the Aβ peptide has been purified, it is highly recommended that the solution be lyophilized as quickly as possible. Prolonged storage of the peptide in solution can lead to oxidation of Aβ and therefore formation of impurities. The purity of the Aβ peptide should always be determined by analytical HPLC. Trace amounts of impurities can alter the aggregation propensity of the peptide dramatically. If the analytical HPLC trace shows the presence of impurities, then the sample should be re-subjected to the HPLC purification protocol and its purity re-determined by analytical HPLC.

It is hoped that this tailored procedure for the purification of the Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides will be of benefit for the scientific community and allow users to obtain high purity Aβ capable of oligomer formation. It would be expected that this procedure could be adapted to other amyloidogenic peptides that are difficult to isolate and purify.

Offenlegungen

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Agilent for their technical assistance. Kate Markham and Rafael Palomino are credited for their initial help in the synthesis and purification of the Aβ peptide and Dr Hsiau-Wei Lee is thanked for his help in preparing Figure 1 of the manuscript.

Materials

Agilent 1260 Infinity II quarternary pump	Agilent	G7111B	http://www.agilent.com/en-us/products/liquid-chromatography/lc-pumps-vacuum-degassers/1260-infinity-ii-quaternary-pump
Agilent 1260 Infinity II Dual variable wavelength detector	Agilent	G7114A	http://www.agilent.com/en-us/products/liquid-chromatography/lc-detectors/1260-infinity-ii-variable-wavelength-detector
Agilent 1260 Infinity II Manual Injector fitted with 10 mL stainless steel sample loop	Agilent	0101-1232	http://www.agilent.com/en-us/products/liquid-chromatography/lc-injection-systems/1260-infinity-ii-manual-injector
Agilent 1260 Infinity II Manual Injector fitted with 20 µL stainless steel sample loop	Agilent	G1328C	http://www.agilent.com/en-us/products/liquid-chromatography/lc-injection-systems/1260-infinity-ii-manual-injector
Ring Stand Mounting Bracket	Agilent	1400-3166
PEEK Tubing Blue (1/32" outer diameter х 0.010" internal diameter)	Thermo Scientific	03-050-399
Agilent PLRP-S 300Å 8µm 25 х 300 mm column (Preparative)	Agilent	PL1212-6801	http://www.agilent.com/en-us/products/liquid-chromatography/lc-columns/biomolecule-separations/plrp-s-for-biomolecules#features
Agilent PLRP-S 300Å 8µm 7.5 х 300 mm (Semi-Preparative)	Agilent	PL1112-6801	http://www.agilent.com/en-us/products/liquid-chromatography/lc-columns/biomolecule-separations/plrp-s-for-biomolecules#features
Agilent PLRP-S 300Å 5 µm 4.6 x 250 mm (Analytical)	Agilent	PL1512-5501	http://www.agilent.com/en-us/products/liquid-chromatography/lc-columns/biomolecule-separations/plrp-s-for-biomolecules#features
Aβ42 or Aβ40 peptide			Synthesized in-house using a CEM liberty automated peptide synthesizer.
Ammonium Hydroxide (NH₄OH, 28% solution)	Fisher Scientific	A669-500
Acetonitrile	Fisher Scientific	A998-4
HPLC grade water	Fisher Scientific	W5-4
Falcon 50 ml conical centrifuge tube	Fisher Scientific	14-954-49A
Supelco PEEK Fitting One-piece fingertight, pkg of 5 ea	Sigma-Aldrich	Z227250
Normject 5cc sterile syringe	Fisher Scientific	1481729
16 Gauge SS Needle	Rheodyne	3725-086

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Warner, C. J. A., Dutta, S., Foley, A. R., Raskatov, J. A. A Tailored HPLC Purification Protocol That Yields High-purity Amyloid Beta 42 and Amyloid Beta 40 Peptides, Capable of Oligomer Formation. J. Vis. Exp. (121), e55482, doi:10.3791/55482 (2017).