补偿肢使用和运动技能学习行为评估以下感觉运动皮层损伤缺血性脑卒中的小鼠模型
Summary
Mouse models have become increasingly popular in studies of behavioral neuroscience. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. This protocol describes the Pasta Matrix Reaching Task, which is a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke.
Abstract
小鼠模型已成为越来越受欢迎的行为神经科学领域中，特别是中风的实验研究。作为模型的进步，它制定具体的鼠标敏感行为的措施是很重要的。本协议描述了在中风小鼠模型使用一个熟练的动作任务。该面食矩阵到达任务功能作为一个多功能的和敏感的行为分析，允许实验者收集准确的结果数据和操作使用肢体模仿人体临床现象，包括补偿性策略（ 即 ，学会不使用），重点突出康复训练。当与神经解剖工具相结合，这个任务也允许研究人员能够探索支持的功能（或缺乏）行为学恢复中风后的机制。任务既简单又经济实惠的设立和开展，提供了多种用于有关福无数研究问题的培训和测试选项nctional结果如下伤害。虽然该任务已被应用于中风的小鼠模型，它也可能是有益的，在其他上肢损伤模型的功能结果的研究。
Introduction
小鼠模型中已经变得越来越流行用于实验中风研究部分地由于其便利性和经济性，以及转基因株系，适合用于在其他应用中的体内成像的可用性。有了这个日益普及，在实验模型，在开发功能性结果的敏感行为评估损伤后的利息也增加了1-7。动物训练协议，模仿两个康复和补偿策略使用的人中风幸存者的发展提高到成功地从实验动物的研究成果转化的发现在诊所8使用的能力。对面食矩阵运动技能训练晚晴任务（PMRT）先前已确立为运动技能的结果如下感觉运动皮层3的缺血性损伤敏感的行为评估。
其中一个主要的兴趣S IN中风研究关注的康复和行为策略，促进功能恢复改善以下侮辱的发展和理解。目前，在人类的康复策略导致不完全恢复8。此外，康复治疗师必须打击补偿性策略，在恢复期间中风幸存者的发展，可能会破坏他们完全恢复其患肢（S）的功能的能力。例如，下面的单方面中风，影响上肢功能，人类倾向于发展自己的受影响较小的肢体9,10的依赖，同时提高一个人的在短期内发挥作用的能力，这个教训不使用患肢可能妨碍其最终采收率的潜力，这表现在动物模型11-13。这些发现在动物有助于告知约束诱导运动疗法的开发和利用在人类14。动物模型是beneficial对于通过使研究人员能够探索subserve的神经生物学机制，促进功能恢复提高恢复战略。除了 作为卒中后功能的有效的行为评估，PMRT已被确立为一种有效的康复策略，以促进改善功能转归以下感觉运动行程15。该PMRT也可以用来有效地模仿学会不使用患侧肢体，因此，尽管提供了最初的洞察行为的操作，可能会改善功能恢复过度依赖于受影响较小的肢体13。
该PMRT建设之前已经3描述。简单地说，到达腔室是一个开放的顶部和底部由四个有机玻璃墙（20厘米高，长15厘米和8.5厘米宽）。还有一个中心切口（13厘米高和宽5mm）从供应腔室的前壁的底部基座延伸为达到光圈（ 图1A）。面食的矩阵是一个重型塑料块（8.5厘米长，5cm宽，150厘米高），通过该块的深度钻出完全直径为1毫米的孔。共有260孔，从2 mm从该窗口达到每孔（ 图1B）为2毫米。面食矩阵被设计为使得干燥，垂直定向的面食片通过矩阵阶段大约一半的面食片露出的整个深度延伸。一个可移动件的开销塑料或卡片纸应切成一定尺寸和牢固地贴在基体的下侧。这可以防止面食件在运输过程中掉落出来的矩阵，并可以很容易地拆卸破碎面食件。
该PMRT是一个多功能的和敏感的行为分析，允许实验者收集准确的结果数据和操作使用肢体模仿的临床现象。作为一种行为Øutcome措施，PMRT允许实验者收集的行为数据可更准确地反映了康复策略并不比传统的测量梗死面积3,16的有效性。作为行为操纵，该PMRT允许实验者来控制在小鼠上肢用在以模仿康复的临床经验（ 即患侧肢体训练）或学习不使用（ 即受影响较小的肢体训练）。当与神经解剖相结合的方法，对PMRT为研究者提供了一个机会，探讨支持的功能或适应不良行为的可塑性后恢复中风后肢体代偿使用的机制。该PMRT可以进一步应用到脑损伤和上肢障碍的其他小鼠模型，如创伤性脑损伤。该PMRT的另一个优点是它的承受能力。任务所需的装备可以在家里还算合理构建，数据收集不并不需要大量的空间，或财务资源，任务是很简单的本科生可靠地采集数据。另外，PMRT是即使小行为缺陷3,13敏感，该协议提供了一种简单而有效的方法，以评估运动技能学习，促进行为恢复损伤后，并在行程的建立小鼠模型模仿了解到非使用的现象。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
该PMRT表示一个简单的，定量的方法来评估小鼠技能达到的性能。虽然费时，有可能以前没有经验的大学生进行培训，以收集可靠和可重复的数据，只有几个培训班。该任务是足够敏感的测量缺血性侮辱3，13，15在小鼠运动技能表现，甚至轻微的变化，以及多项研究引用的长期赤字与各种培训协议15，20，22，因为它是一个单边的任务，它也可以被用来规定肢体与小鼠执行的任务。该…
Offenlegungen
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Theresa Jones, Ph.D. for her guidance and assistance in adapting the reaching task to mice. Data presented in this manuscript were supported by grants from NIH-NINDS (NS64586 to TAJ and NS076275 to ALK) and a predoctoral NRSA to KAT (F31AG034032). The NIH was not involved in any aspect of study designs or analyses presented in this manuscript nor in the composition of this manuscript.
Materials
| Name of Material/ Equipment | Company | Catalog Number | Comments/Description |
| Reaching Chamber | Reaching chambers are made in house with Plexiglas | ||
| Pasta Matrix Block | The Pasta Matrix box is made in house using a heavy plastic block | ||
| Capellini Pasta | DeCecco | DeCecco brand capellini pasta can be purchased in a grocery store or through an online retailer such as Amazon |
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