وذكرت ونحن في الآونة الأخيرة نهجا جديدا لتوليد تحقيقات DNAzyme fluorogenic التي يمكن تطبيقها لاقامة بسيطة، "مزيج والقراءة" فلوري فحص للكشف عن البكتيريا. هذه التحقيقات DNA خاص تحفيز الانقسام من الحمض النووي الريبي الركيزة حامل اللون معدلة وخيالية في وجود مزيج النفط الخام خارج الخلية (CEM) التي تنتجها بكتيريا معينة، وترجمة وبالتالي اكتشاف بكتيريا في توليد إشارة مضان. في هذا التقرير سنقوم بشرح الإجراءات التجريبية الرئيسية التي يعمل تحقيقا DNAzyme محددة تدل على "تكتل القوى الديمقراطية، EC1" للكشف عن نموذج للبكتيريا،<em> القولونية (اي كولي)</em>.
Outbreaks linked to food-borne and hospital-acquired pathogens account for millions of deaths and hospitalizations as well as colossal economic losses each and every year. Prevention of such outbreaks and minimization of the impact of an ongoing epidemic place an ever-increasing demand for analytical methods that can accurately identify culprit pathogens at the earliest stage. Although there is a large array of effective methods for pathogen detection, none of them can satisfy all the following five premier requirements embodied for an ideal detection method: high specificity (detecting only the bacterium of interest), high sensitivity (capable of detecting as low as a single live bacterial cell), short time-to-results (minutes to hours), great operational simplicity (no need for lengthy sampling procedures and the use of specialized equipment), and cost effectiveness. For example, classical microbiological methods are highly specific but require a long time (days to weeks) to acquire a definitive result.1 PCR- and antibody-based techniques offer shorter waiting times (hours to days), but they require the use of expensive reagents and/or sophisticated equipment.2-4 Consequently, there is still a great demand for scientific research towards developing innovative bacterial detection methods that offer improved characteristics in one or more of the aforementioned requirements. Our laboratory is interested in examining the potential of DNAzymes as a novel class of molecular probes for biosensing applications including bacterial detection.5
DNAzymes (also known as deoxyribozymes or DNA enzymes) are man-made single-stranded DNA molecules with the capability of catalyzing chemical reactions.6-8 These molecules can be isolated from a vast random-sequence DNA pool (which contains as many as 1016 individual sequences) by a process known as “in vitro selection” or “SELEX” (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment).9-16 These special DNA molecules have been widely examined in recent years as molecular tools for biosensing applications.6-8
Our laboratory has established in vitro selection procedures for isolating RNA-cleaving fluorescent DNAzymes (RFDs; Fig. 1) and investigated the use of RFDs as analytical tools.17-29 RFDs catalyze the cleavage of a DNA-RNA chimeric substrate at a single ribonucleotide junction (R) that is flanked by a fluorophore (F) and a quencher (Q). The close proximity of F and Q renders the uncleaved substrate minimal fluorescence. However, the cleavage event leads to the separation of F and Q, which is accompanied by significant increase of fluorescence intensity.
More recently, we developed a method of isolating RFDs for bacterial detection.5 These special RFDs were isolated to “light up” in the presence of the crude extracellular mixture (CEM) left behind by a specific type of bacteria in their environment or in the media they are cultured (Fig. 1). The use of crude mixture circumvents the tedious process of purifying and identifying a suitable target from the microbe of interest for biosensor development (which could take months or years to complete). The use of extracellular targets means the assaying procedure is simple because there is no need for steps to obtain intracellular targets.
Using the above approach, we derived an RFD that cleaves its substrate (FS1; Fig. 2A) only in the presence of the CEM produced by E. coli (CEM-EC).5 This E. coli-sensing RFD, named RFD-EC1 (Fig. 2A), was found to be strictly responsive to CEM-EC but nonresponsive to CEMs from a host of other bacteria (Fig. 3).
Here we present the key experimental procedures for setting up E. coli detection assays using RFD-EC1 and representative results.
معظم طرق الكشف البكتيرية شيوعا اليوم اما ان تكون بطيئة (الجراثيم الكلاسيكية) أو مطالبة من الناحية الفنية (الضد، PCR). وبالتالي، فإننا نعتقد أن الجيل القادم من أدوات الكشف وينبغي أن تلبي نحو السرعة والبساطة. تحقيقا لهذه الغاية، لقد أنشأنا الرنا الانفطار ومضان، مما يشير DNAzyme التي يمكن استخدامها لتطوير فحوصات بسيطة للإبلاغ عن وجود البكتيريا من خلال توليد إشارة مضان. يتم تنشيط الميزات DNAzyme التحقيق، تكتل القوى الديمقراطية، EC1، التي أنتجت خلال CEM نمو E. القولونية في وسائل الإعلام ثقافة. منذ أسلوبنا يستخدم خليط من النفط الخام خارج الخلية جرثومة كهدف الكشف واستخراج يتجاوز الهدف شاقة والخطوات التضخيم، أنها يمكن أن تستخدم لإعداد بسيط جدا "، ومزيج، وقراءة" نوع من فحوصات للكشف عن البكتيريا. ولا يقتصر استخدام DNAzyme جهدنا لمضان طريقة كشف القائم. على سبيل المثال، كشف اللونية باستخدام نظام DNAzyme نفسه فحص جتصميم لاستخدام أسلوب ذكرت في وقت سابق ان يستغل المتداول التضخيم دائرة بالتعاون مع لصبغ العضوية (32). ونحن نتوقع استخدام DNAzymes للكشف عن البكتريا كوسيلة جذابة لتوليد أجهزة الاستشعار بكتيرية جديدة مع بساطة تشغيلية أكبر.
The authors have nothing to disclose.
وقدم التمويل لهذا العمل من جانب العلوم الطبيعية والهندسة مجلس البحوث كندا (NSERC) وشبكة الحارس ورقة النشطة بيولوجيا.
Name of the reagent | Company | Catalogue number or model |
Agar | BioShop Canada | AGR003 |
Ammonium persulfate (APS) | BioShop Canada | AMP001 |
Acrylamide/Bis-acrylamide (40%, 29:1) | BioShop Canada | ACR004 |
Boric acid | BioShop Canada | BOR001 |
Bromophenol blue | Sigma-Aldrich | B8026 |
EDTA | EM Science | EXO539-1 |
HCl | Sigma-Aldrich | 38281 |
HEPES | Bioshop Canada | HEP001 |
LB broth | Sigma-Aldrich | L3022 |
MgCl2 | EMD Chemicals | B10149-34 |
NaCl | BioShop Canada | SOD002 |
NaOAc | EMD Chemicals | SXO255-1 |
NaOH | EMD Chemicals | SXO590-1 |
SDS | BioShop Canada | SDS001 |
TEMED | BioShop Canada | TEM001 |
Tris-base | BioShop Canada | BST666 |
Tween 20 | Sigma-Aldrich | P9416 |
Urea | BioShop Canada | URE001 |
Xylenecyanol FF | Sigma-Aldrich | X4126 |
DNA concentrator | Thermo Scientific | Savant DNA SpeedVac 120 |
Millex filter unit | Millipore | SLGP033RS |
Gel loading tips | Diamed | TEC200EX-K |
ImageQuant software | Molecular Dynamics | Version 5.0 |
Kimwipes | Kimberly-Clark Professional | 34705 |
Mini Vortexer | VWR | 58816-121 |
Parafilm | Pechiney Plastic Packaging | PM996 |
Petri dishes | Fisher Scientific | Fisherbrand 08-757-12 |
Stripettor Plus (Pipette gun) | Corning | 07764714 |
Quartz cuvettes | Varian Inc | 66-100216-00 |
Shaker/Incubator | New Brunswick Scientific | Classic Series C24 |
Typhoon Scanner | GE Healthcare | 9200 Variable mode |
Centrifuge | Beckman Coulter | Allegra X22-R |
UV Spectrophotometer | Thermo Scientific | GenesysUV 10 |
Fluorescence Spectrophotometer | Varian Inc | Cary Eclipse |