偏头痛和慢性偏头痛的转变是巨大的医疗负担,需要改进治疗方案。我们寻求神经免疫信号调制易患偏头痛如何定义,建模<em>在体外</em使用在海马脑片培养扩散性抑制,作为一种手段,以开发新的治疗靶点。
偏头痛和慢性偏头痛的转变是需要改进治疗方案的医疗负担。我们寻求定义神经免疫信号调制易患偏头痛为蓝本, 在体外使用扩散性抑制(SD)作为一种手段来发展新的治疗靶点,为阵发性和慢性偏头痛。 SD是偏头痛先兆偏头痛的可能原因。它是一个由最初增加神经元的活动,慢慢易受影响的大脑区域内传播引发的神经功能阵发性的损失。正常的脑功能是极其敏感,依赖,同步低层次的免疫信号。因此,神经免疫信号可能会影响电活动的SD,因此,偏头痛。 SD疼痛的感知,在整个动物的研究困难重重,但很适合整体动物研究偏头痛的系统生物学方面,因为SD激活三叉神经的痛觉通路。不过,整体动物研究本身不能被用来破译的SD细胞和神经回路机制。相反, 在体外可以控制的环境条件下的准备工作是必要的。在这里,重要的是要承认急性切片和海马脑片培养具有明显的优势的局限性。急性脑切片不能透露,因为准备的片单独触发免疫信号的微妙的变化:亲炎性改变,最后几天,癫痫行为由于高氧张力的水平,需要振兴的切片,和不可逆的细胞损伤,缺氧片中心。
相比之下,我们在成熟的海马脑片培养的免疫信号,因为文化紧密平行在体内对口,具有成熟的trisynaptic功能;显示静态的星形胶质细胞,小胶质细胞和细胞因子水平; SD很容易诱发unanesthetized准备。此外,片长寿命和SD可以连续两天无损伤引起的,这种准备的唯一手段日期建模慢性SD neuroimmune后果,因此也许是慢性偏头痛。我们使用的电生理技术和非侵入性的成像测量神经细胞和电路功能与SD重合。神经免疫基因的表达变量定量PCR筛选,qPCR的阵列,cDNA的前置放大,更重要的是,使用超低水平,如γ-干扰素使用整个区域,或特定的细胞增强的目标检测与测量(通过激光清扫显微镜)抽样检验。细胞因子的级联信号的进一步评估复磷相关的目标与基因的表达,并通过细胞特异性免疫证实磷的变化。药理和siRNA的策略是用来模拟和调节免疫信号的SD 。
SD是阵发性脑扰动,其在所有物种和大脑区域高度保守的特点研究迄今。 SD通常是在大脑皮层的研究。然而,这种结构的神经回路的复杂性(海马),以及无法保持大脑皮层长期时期的静态免疫功能的体外存活,在体外制备它作为一个有用的定义的长期后果SD的易感性。相比之下,海马不仅是大脑的结构是最敏感到SD的,它也是一个更简化的神经回路的结构和功能,这是适合定义神经活动可以调节的SD易感性neuroimmune手段archicortical结构。
The authors have nothing to disclose.
这项工作是由国家神经紊乱和中风研究所(NS – 19108),全国儿童健康与疾病研究所(PO1 – HD09402),偏头痛研究基金会和白基金会的赠款支持。玛西娅体育Kraig女士的协助下在编制和维护文化系统。
Name of Reagent/Equipment | Company | Catalogue/Model Number |
---|---|---|
Basal Medium Eagle | Invitrogen | 21010 |
Earle’s Balanced Salt Solution | Sigma | E2888 |
Horse Serum | Invitrogen | 26050-088 |
Glutamax | Invitrogen | 35050 |
Gentamicin | Invitrogen | 15710-064 |
Fungizone | Invitrogen | 15295 |
D-glucose | Sigma | G8769 |
Table 1. Culture Preparation and Maintenance: Horse Serum Medium
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Neurobasal | Invitrogen | 21103 | |
Gem-21 Neuroplex | Gemini Bioproducts | 400-160-010 | |
Glutamax | Invitrogen | 35050 | |
Gentamicin | Invitrogen | 15710-064 | |
D-glucose | Sigma | G8769 | |
Ascorbic acid | Sigma | A4544 | |
Fungizone | Invitrogen | 15295 | |
Sodium chloride | Sigma | S6546 | |
Magnesium chloride | Sigma | M1028 | |
Calcium chloride | Sigma | 21115 |
Table 2. Culture Preparation and Maintenance: Serum-free Medium
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Millicell-CM tissue culture inserts (30 mm) | Thermo Fisher | PICM0-3050 | |
6-well Falcon culture dishes | Thermo Fisher | 08-772-1B | |
Sytox Green | Invitrogen | S7020 |
Table 3. Materials fabrication: Ground Electrodes
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Glass capillary tubes | A-M Systems, Inc. | 2mm x 1.16mm, 4 inches | |
KCl | Sigma | P5405 | |
Agar | Fisher Scientific | A360 | |
EDTA | Sigma | 5134 | |
Tubing | Masterflex | 95809-34 | |
1.5 mL centrifuge tube rack | Fisher Scientific | ||
Silver wire | Medwire | AG15X | |
Hemostat | Fine Scientific Tools | 13018-14 | |
Emery board | Walgreens | ||
Scintillation vial | Fisher Scientific | ||
Flexible adhesive sealant | Amazing Goop | ||
Bleach | Clorox |
Table 4. Materials fabrication: Ground Electrodes
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Borosilicate filament | Sutter Instruments | BF150-86-10 | 1.5 x 0.86 mm |
Microelectrode puller | Narashige | PE-2 | |
Eye piece optical micrometer | Zeiss | ||
Stage optical micrometer | Zeiss | ||
Compound Microscope | Zeiss | ||
Microscope slides | Surgipath | 00210 | |
1-Dimensional microelectrode manipulator | Narashige | MO-10 | |
3-dimensional microelectrode manipulator | Narashige | MM-3 | |
Adhesive putty | Scotch | ||
100 mm Nalgene containers | Fisher Scientific |
Table 5. Materials fabrication: Recording Electrodes
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Teflon-coated platinum iridium wire | A-M Systems | 7780 | 125 μm bare, 200 μm coated |
Forceps | Thermo Fisher | 13-812-38 | |
Hemostat | Fine Scientific Tools | 13018-14 | |
30 gauge wire | Tensolite | ||
Soldering iron | Cooper Tools | UTC 100 | |
Solder | Bernzomatic | Resin core, lead free, silver bearing | |
Concentrated HCl | Fisher Scientific | A144-212 | |
Pasteur pipette | Fisher Scientific | 13-678-30 | |
Water-resistant epoxy | JB Weld | ||
Banana jacks | Newark Electronics |
Table 6. Materials fabrication: Stimulating Electrodes
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Falcon 35 mm culture dish | Becton Dickinson Labware | ||
Glass filament tubes | Sutter Instrument Co. | BF100-58-10 | 1.0 mm, 12 mm long |
Cotton squares | Walgreens | ||
Forceps | Thermo Fisher | 13-812-38 | |
Tubing | Masterflex | 95809-34 | |
Poly vinyl chloride film | Fisher Scientific | 01810 | 18 inches x 1000 feet |
#9 single edge razor blade | Smith |
Table 7. Materials fabrication: Recording Dishes
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Recording chamber | Medical Systems Corp. | PDMI-2 | Recording chamber |
Bipolar temperature control | Medical Systems Corp. | TC-202 | |
Combination pH electrode | Microelectrodes Inc. | MI-413 | |
pH meter | Beckman | 250 | Battery operated |
Mini Type-T thermocouples | Physiotemp | IT series | |
DigiSense thermometer | Cole-Palmer | 8528-10 | |
Inline heater | Warner Instruments | SH278 | |
Gibraltor table | Burleigh | ||
Inverted microscope | Leica | DMIRE2 | |
Anti-vibration Table | Technical Manufacturer’s Corp | 63-541 | |
Cautery tool | Gemini | Battery operated | |
Microelectrode micromanipulators | Narashige | WR60 | Left and right |
Stabilized power supply | MGE UPS systems | Ellipse 1200 | +/- 5 volts (120 total) |
Axoprobe amplifier system | Axon instruments | 1-A | |
Active filter | Frequency Devices | Model 900 | |
Axoscope Digidata | Axoscope | 1322-A | |
Axoscope software | Axoscope | v. 9 | |
Computer systems | Dell | Precision T5400 | |
Origin8 | OriginLab Corp | v. 8.1 | |
Stimulator isolation unit | Bak Electronics, Inc. | BSI-II | |
1/2 inch position magnets | Dexter | PMO90-3 | |
3 inch position magnets | Dexter | PMC-800T | |
Multiple X-Blocks | Narishige | X-12 | For positioning ball joints |
Valves | Hamilton | HVD-3 | For medium delivery |
Syringe pump | Razel | A99 | |
Digital oscilloscope | Agilant technologies | ||
Digital camera system | Quant EM | 512-SC | |
MetaMorph software | Molecular Devices | v. 7.5.04 | |
Microscope objective focus with Pi foc | Physik Instrumente | E-662.LR | |
Smart shutter | Lambda SC | ||
Dual wavelength fluorescent microscopy | Applied Scientific Instruments | Polychrome II | |
Peristaltic pumps | Masterflex | 77120-62 | |
Aspirator | Harvard Apparatus | PDMI component |
Table 8. Electrophysiological Setup
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
1 M Magnesium Chloride | Sigma | 057K8620 | |
1 M Manganese Chloride | Sigma | 018K6107 | |
1 M Calcium Chloride | Sigma | GA10984 | |
AlexaFluor594-tagged Isolectin-IB4 | Invitrogen | I21413 | |
Neurobasal | Invitrogen | 21103 | |
Polyvinyl chloride film | Fisher Scientific | 01810 | |
MetaMorph | Molecular Devices | v. 7.5.04 | |
Inverted microscope | Leica | DMIRE2 | |
Camera | QuantEM | 512SC | |
UV light | Kubler | CODIX | |
Bipolar Temperature Controller | Medical Systems Corp | TC-202 | |
Smart shutter | Lambda SC | ||
Sytox Green | Invitrogen | S7020 | |
Falcon 35 mm culture dishes | Becton Dickinson Labware | ||
Glass filament tubes | Sutter Instrument Co. | BF100-58-10 | 1.0 mm, 12 mm long |
Tubing | Masterflex | 95809-34 | |
Recording chamber | Medical Systems Corp. | PDMI-2 | Recording chamber |
Bipolar temperature control | Medical Systems Corp. | TC-202 | |
Combination pH electrode | Microelectrodes Inc. | MI-413 | |
Gibraltor table | Burleigh | ||
Anti-vibration Table | Technical Manufacturer’s Corp | 63-541 |
Table 9. Vital Imaging in Hippocampal Slice Cultures
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
RNAlater | Ambion | AM7021 | |
RNase/DNase-free 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes | USA Scientific | 1615-5500 | |
Diamond knife | Fine science tools | 10100-00 | |
Fine-tip paint brush | Ted Pella | 11806 | |
TRIzol | Invitrogen | 15596-026 | |
Centrifuge | Eppendorf | 5451C | |
Vortex-genie | VWR | G-560 |
Table 10. PCR Preparation: Slice Culture Harvest
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Chloroform | Sigma | C-2432 | |
Centrifuge | Eppendorf | 5451C | in cold room |
Ethanol, 200 proof for molecular biology | Sigma | E7023 | |
RNeasy Micro kit | Qiagen | 74004 |
Table 11. PCR Preparation: RNA Extraction
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Nanodrop 2000 | Thermo Fisher | ND-2000 | |
3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid | Sigma | M-1254 | |
ssRNA ladder | NEB | N032S | |
Sodium acetate | Sigma | S-9513 | |
EDTA | Sigma | E5134 | |
Ethidium Bromide solution | Bio-Rad | 161-0433 | |
OWL easycast horizontal mini-gel systems | Thermo Fisher | B1 | |
Electrophoresis power source | Bio-Rad | PowerPac HC | |
Ultrapure Agarose | GibcoBRL | 15510-019 | |
Microwave | Samsung | SJ0390W | |
RNase Away | Molecular Bioproducts | 7000 |
Table 12. PCR Preparation: RNA Quantification
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
iCycler thermocycler | Bio-Rad | iCycler Optical Module | |
iCycler system software | Bio-Rad | v. 3.1 | |
iCycler iQ PCR plates, 96 well | Bio-Rad | 2239441 | |
Flat cap strips – optically clear. 8-cap strip | Bio-Rad | TCS0803 | |
iScript cDNA synthesis kit | Bio-Rad | 170-8890 | |
iQ SYBR Green supermix | Bio-Rad | 170-8880 | |
Ultrapure Agarose | GibcoBRL | 15510-019 | |
10x TAE buffer | GibcoBRL | 15558-026 | |
Microwave | Samsung | SJ0390W | |
RNase Away | Molecular Bioproducts | 7000 | |
Ethidium Bromide solution | Bio-Rad | 161-0433 | |
OWL easycast horizontal mini-gel systems | Thermo Fisher | B1 | |
Electrophoresis power source | Bio-Rad | PowerPac HC | |
Name | sequence | ||
TNF-α F | 5′ – ACC ACG CTC TTC TGT CTA CTG A- 3′ | ||
TNF-α R | 5′ – CTG ATG AGA GGG AGC CCA TTT G- 3′ | ||
Rpl13a F | 5′ – TTG CTT ACC TGG GGC GTC T- 3′ | ||
Rpl13a R | 5′ – CTT TTT CCT TCC GTT TCT CCT C- 3′ |
Table 13. PCR Activities: qPCR primer optimization and pre-screening
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
RT2 Profiler PCR array | SABiosciences | PARN-021 | |
RT2 Nano preAMP cDNA synthesis kit | SABiosciences | C-06 | |
RT2 Nano preAMP cDNA synthesis primer mix | SABiosciences | PBR-3021 | |
RT2 SYBR Green/ fluorescein qPCR master mix | SABiosciences | PA-011 | |
RT2 qPCR Primer Assay for Rat IFN-λ | SABiosciences | PPR45050C | |
Multichannel pipettor | Corning | ||
25 mL Bio-pure reservoir with divider | Diversified biotech | REBP-2000 | |
iCycler thermocycler | Bio-Rad | iCycler Optical Module | |
iCycler system software | Bio-Rad | v. 3.1 |
Table 14. qPCR array plates and low level signaling
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Centrifuge | Fisher Scientific | Micro 7 | |
Cell lysis kit | Bio-Rad | 171-304011 | |
BSA protein stock | Bio-Rad | 500-0007 | |
BCA protein assay kit | Thermo Scientific | 23225 | |
Sealing tape | Bio-Rad | 2239444 | |
96-well plate reader | Perkin Elmer | 1420-multilabel counter | |
Phospho 6-plex Assay Lysates | Bio-Rad | X7000000502 | |
Phospho 6-plex coupled beads | Bio-Rad | X700000050 |
Table 15. Multiplex Phosphoprotein Assay
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Accell 5x siRNA Buffer | Thermo Scientific | B-002000-UB-100 | |
Accell siRNA Delivery Medium | Thermo Scientific | B-005000-100 | |
Accell Cyclophilin Pool-Rat | Thermo Scientific | D-001920-30-05 |
Table 16. siRNA
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
16% paraformaldehyde | Alfa Aesar | 43368 | |
Lysine | Sigma | L-6001 | |
Sodium phosphate | Fisher Scientific | S374-1 | |
Sodium periodate | Sigma | S-1878 | |
Sodium azide | Sigma | S-2002 | |
Cryostat | Leica | CM3050 S | |
Tissue-Tek | Ted Pella Inc. | 27050 | |
Fine-tip paint brush | Ted Pella | 11806 | |
Tissue slides | Surgipath | 00210 | |
Coplin jars | Fisher | 08-815 | |
Hydrogen peroxide (30%) | Sigma | H1009 | |
SFX signal enhancer | Invitrogen | A31631 | |
Goat serum | Colorado Serum Company | CS 0920 | |
Triton X-100 | Sigma | T-8787 | |
Anti-NFκβ antibody | Santa Cruz | SC-109 | |
Goat anti-rabbit IgG Alexa Fluor 594 | Invitrogen | A11012 | |
Yo-yo nuclear counterstain | Invitrogen | Y-3601 | |
ProLong antifade | Invitrogen | P7481 |
Table 17. Proteomic Confirmation Via Immunohistochemistry
[header] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Anti-cyclophilin B | R&D Systems | MAB5410 | |
3,3-diaminobenzidine | Sigma | D8001 | |
Water bath | Pharmacia Biotech | 56-1165-33 | Gebrüder HAAKE GmbH |
Ammonium hydroxide | J.T.Baker | 9721-03 | |
Silver nitrate | Sigma | S-0139 | |
Sodium thiosulfate (pentahydrate) | J.T.Baker | 3949-01 | &nsp; |
0.2% gold chloride | Sigma | G-4022 | |
Oxalic acid | Sigma | O-0376 | |
CoolSnap fx CCD camera | Photmetrics | ||
MetaMorph software | Molecular Devices | v. 7.5.04 | |
Inverted microscope | Leica | DM IRBE | |
Neutral density filters | Chroma | 0.5-3.0 optical density unit range |
Table 18. Proteomic Confirmation Via Silver Enhanced Immunohistochemistry