Our detailed protocol outlines the creation and use of the advanced intestine-on-chip model, which simulates human intestinal mucosa with 3D structures and various cell types, enabling in-depth analysis of immune responses and cellular functions in response to microbial colonization.
An advanced intestine-on-chip model recreating epithelial 3D organotypic villus-like and crypt-like structures has been developed. The immunocompetent model includes Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC), Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells, tissue-resident macrophages, and dendritic cells, which self-organize within the tissue, mirroring characteristics of the human intestinal mucosa. A unique aspect of this platform is its capacity to integrate circulating human primary immune cells, enhancing physiological relevance. The model is designed to investigate the intestinal immune system's response to bacterial and fungal colonization and infection. Due to its enlarged cavity size, the model offers diverse functional readouts such as permeation assays, cytokine release, and immune cell infiltration, and is compatible with immunofluorescence measurement of 3D structures formed by the epithelial cell layer. It hereby provides comprehensive insights into cell differentiation and function. The intestine-on-chip platform has demonstrated its potential in elucidating complex interactions between surrogates of a living microbiota and human host tissue within a microphysiological perfused biochip platform.
Organ-on-Chip (OoC) systems represent an emerging technique of 3D cell culture that is capable of bridging the gap between conventional 2D cell culture and animal models. OoC platforms typically consist of one or more compartments containing tissue-specific cells grown on a wide range of scaffolds such as membranes or hydrogels1. The models are capable of mimicking one or more defined organotypic functions. Pumps enable continuous microfluidic perfusion of cell culture medium for removal of cellular waste products, supply with nutrition and growth factors for improved cellular differentiation, and recreating essential in vivo conditions. With the integration of immune cells, OoC systems can mimic human immune response in vitro2. To date, a wide range of organs and functional units have been presented1. These systems include models of the vasculature3, lung4, liver2,5, and intestine6 that can be facilitated for drug testing5,7 and infection studies6,8.
We here present a human intestine-on-chip model integrating human epithelial cells forming an organotypic 3D topography of villus-like and crypt-like structures combined with an endothelial lining and tissue-resident macrophages. The model is cultured in a microfluidically perfused biochip in the format of a microscopic slide. Each biochip consists of two separate microfluidic cavities. Each cavity is divided by a porous polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membrane into an upper and lower chamber. The membrane itself also serves as the scaffold for the cells to grow on each side. The pores of the membrane enable cellular crosstalk and cell migration between cell layers. Each chamber can be accessed by two female luer lock-sized ports. Optionally, an additional mini-luer lock-sized port can provide access to the upper or lower chamber (Figure 1).
The OoC platform offers a number of readouts that can be obtained from a single experiment. The intestine-on-chip is tailored towards combining perfused 3D cell culture, effluent analysis, and fluorescence microscopy to assess cell marker expression, metabolization rates, immune response, microbial colonization and infection, and barrier function3,6,8. The model includes tissue-resident immune cells and direct contact of living microorganisms with the host tissue, which is a benefit compared to other published models9. Further, epithelial cells self-organize into three-dimensional structures that provide a physiologically relevant interface for the colonization with a living microbiota6.
This protocol requires access to ~20 mL of fresh blood per biochip from healthy donors to isolate primary human monocytes. All donors gave written, informed consent to participate in this study, which was approved by the ethics committee of the University Hospital Jena (permission number 2018-1052-BO). For details about the materials, refer to the Table of Materials. For details about the composition of all solutions and media, refer to Table 1.
1. General biochip handling remarks
Figure 1: Schematic representation of intestine-on-chip model. (A) The biochip is presented in a cross-sectional view. (B) The dimension of the whole biochip as well as of the flat, removable PET membrane is visible. The total volume of the upper chamber including the female luer lock-sized ports is 290 µL and 270 µL for the lower chamber respectively. (C) A schematic composition of the intestinal-biochip, the three-dimensional outgrowth epithelium resembling villus-like and crypt-like structures including differentiated immune cells and a mucus layer can be seen. The other side of the PET membrane is covered by an endothelial monolayer. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 2: Schematic overview of model buildup timeline and experimental setup. This figure shows the schematic overview of the presented protocol. Important procedures, such as the seeding of cells and the epithelial challenge with LPS are indicated by arrows. Abbreviations: HUVECs = human umbilical venous endothelial cells; LPS = lipopolysaccharide. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
2. Biochip sterilization
3. HUVECs harvest and seeding
NOTE: The human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs) were isolated from umbilical cords as published before10.
4. Human serum collection and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived monocyte isolation
NOTE: The PBMCs were isolated as described in Mosig et al.11.
5. Monocyte seeding
6. C2BBe1 harvest and seeding
NOTE: Caco-2 brush border expressing cells 1 (C2BBe1)12 are used up to passage 35 and are taken from flasks of 80-90% confluency. A representative brightfield image of a C2BBe1 culture is presented in Figure 3C.
Figure 3: Cell morphology of HUVECs, monocytes, and C2BBe1 before seeding in the biochip. This figure shows representative brightfield images of the different cell sources used throughout the protocol. Images were taken with a reverse brightfield microscope using 10x magnification. All cell types, (A) HUVECs, (B) monocytes, and (C) C2BBe1 were cultivated in 2D mono-layer cell culture as described in their specific protocol sections. Scale bars = 200 µm. Abbreviations: HUVECs = human umbilical venous endothelial cells; PBMCs = peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
7. Connection to peristaltic pump and circular perfusion
Figure 4: Biochip connected to peristaltic pump. An example of a biochip connected to a peristaltic pump is presented. Epithelial C2BBe1 cells are cultivated in the lower chamber (red C2-medium is in the reservoirs at the front) whilst the HUVECs are cultivated in the upper chamber (yellowish EC-conditioned-medium is in the reservoirs at the back). The different cell culture media are not mixing due to the barrier function of the grown tissue. The biochip is connected to the peristaltic pump in such a way that the medium flows from the reservoir into the cavity. From here, the medium flows back into the reservoir through the tubing via the pump. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
8. LPS-conditioning of the epithelial barrier
9. Access to the tissue for different readout methods
10. Permeability assessment via FITC-dextran diffusion
NOTE: The barrier function of the tissue can be analyzed via a FITC-dextran permeability assay after disconnection of the peristaltic pump. The FITC-dextran permeability assessment was adapted from Deinhardt-Emmer et al.4.
11. Immunofluorescence staining
NOTE: The living tissue can be investigated microscopically. For easier handling, we recommend the detachment of the biochip from the peristaltic pump and the use of long-distance objectives on an inverted microscope. As an endpoint analysis, the tissue can be fixated inside the biochip for procedures like immunofluorescence staining.
These representative results show the distinct tissue layers of the intestine-on-chip model. They are immunofluorescent stained as described in protocol section 11. The images were taken with an epifluorescence or confocal fluorescence microscope as z-stacks and processed to an orthogonal projection. See the Table of Materials for details about the microscopical setup and software. Figure 5 shows the vascular layer, a barrier-forming endothelial monolayer, consisting of HUVECs and macrophages. Representative cellular markers such as VE-Cadherin and von Willebrand factor for the endothelial cells and CD68 for the macrophages are stained. The three-dimensional epithelial layer consisting of C2BBe1 cells is shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7. The tissue integrity is confirmed by staining of E-Cadherin and ZO-1. A detailed analysis of all expected tissue markers and tissue polarization can be found in Maurer et al.6. Figure 8 shows an exemplary image lacking three-dimensional outgrowth of intestinal villus-like structures. Compared to a typical three-dimensional cell layer (Figure 6), the number of stained nuclei is highly reduced, and cells are only present in a monolayer. This specific phenotype was created by the addition of a histone deacetylase inhibitor to the cell culture medium which inhibits cell proliferation. The barrier permeability is assessed by a permeation assay using FITC-dextran. Permeability increased upon infection with the opportunistic pathogenic C. albicans, as shown in Figure 9A. Infection results in the increased release of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 into the vascular medium supernatant (Figure 9B)8.
Figure 5: Fixated vascular side of the intestine-on-chip. Representative immunofluorescence image of the vascular barrier after five days of perfusion. The tissue was fixated with methanol. A z-stack of 1 µm sections was taken with an epifluorescence microscope, and an orthogonal maximum projection of this z-stack is displayed. (A) DNA within nuclei was stained with DAPI. (B) Fully differentiated monocyte-derived macrophages express CD68 and are spread all over the vascular tissue. (C) HUVECs create a confluent layer showing tissue integrity by the formation of adherens junctions such as VE-Cadherin. Additionally, (D) von Willebrand factor is highly expressed by HUVECs. Finally, (E) all markers are shown in an overlay. Scale bars = 100 µm. Abbreviations: DAPI = 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; HUVECs = human umbilical venous endothelial cells. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 6: Fixated epithelial side of the intestine-on-chip. Representative immunofluorescence image of the polarized epithelial cell layer after 5 days of perfusion expressing the junction proteins E-Cadherin and ZO-1. The tissue was fixated with methanol. A z-stack of 1 µm sections was taken with an epifluorescence microscope. An orthogonal maximum projection of this z-stack is displayed. (A) DNA in nuclei was stained with DAPI. A tight epithelial barrier is developed by the formation of (B) adherens junctions, stained with E-Cadherin, and (C) apical tight junctions, stained with ZO-1. Tight junctions and adherens junctions co-localize at the apical cell membrane, as seen in the (D) overlay image. Scale bars = 100 µm. Abbreviation: DAPI = 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 7: Fixated epithelial side of the intestine-on-chip with villus-like outgrowth. Representative immunofluorescence image of the three-dimensional epithelial cell layer after six days of perfusion. The tissue was fixated with Carnoy's fixative. A z-stack of 1 µm sections was taken with a confocal laser scanning microscope, and (A) an orthogonal maximum projection of this z-stack is displayed. DNA in nuclei was stained with Hoechst. Additionally, the tissue was stained with wheat germ agglutin, a lectin, which stains human mucin. (B) The three-dimensional growth of villus-like and crypt-like structures of the epithelium can be detected in the x- and y-sections of the z-stack. Scale bars = 50 µm. Abbreviation: WGA = wheat germ agglutinin. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 8: Fixated epithelial side of the intestine-on-chip without villus-like outgrowth. Representative immunofluorescence image of the epithelial cell layer treated with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, preventing cell proliferation. The tissue was fixated with methanol. A z-stack of 1 µm sections was taken with an epifluorescence microscope. An orthogonal maximum projection of this z-stack is displayed. (A) DNA in nuclei was stained with DAPI. In (B), adherens junctions are stained with E-Cadherin, and in (C), tight junctions are stained with ZO-1. Tight junctions and adherens junctions co-localize, as seen in the overlay image (D). Scale bars = 100 µm. Abbreviation: DAPI = 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 9: Pathogen-dependent immune response of integrated innate immune cells: This figure is modified from Kaden et al.8. The intestine-on-chip model uninfected (-) or infected (+) with C. albicans SC5314 was analyzed for (A) permeability with FITC-Dextran (3-5 kDa) and (B) cytokine secretion. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Solution/medium | Composition | |
Collagen stock solution | 0.5 mg/mL collagen IV in 0.5 mM acetic acid | |
Iso-buffer | PBS -/-, 1 mg/mL bovine serum albumin fraction V, 2 mM EDTA | |
Monocyte differentiation medium | Hematopoietic cell medium + 10% human autologous serum + 10 ng/mL recombinant macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) + 10 ng/mL recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) | |
Trypsin dissociation reagent | 0.25% trypsin + 1 mM EDTA in PBS -/- | |
Monocyte detachment reagent | 4 mg/mL lidocaine + 5 mM EDTA in PBS -/- | |
EC-conditioned medium | EC-medium +10% human autologous serum +10 ng/mL M-CSF + 10 ng/mL GM-CSF | |
C2-medium | DMEM high glucose (4.5 g/L) + 10% FBS + 1% GlutaMax + 1% MEM non-essential amino acids solution + 1 mM sodium pyruvate + 10 µg/mL human holo-transferrin | |
Stock solution of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran | 1 mg/mL in prewarmed C2-medium without phenol red | |
Blocking and permeabilizing solution | 3% normal donkey serum (NDS) + 0.1% saponin in PBS +/+ | |
Staining solution | 0.3% normal donkey serum (NDS) + 0.1% saponin in PBS +/+ | |
Wash solution | 0.1% of saponin in PBS +/+ | |
Carnoy's fixative | 60% ethanol, 30% chloroform, 10% glacial acetic acid |
Table 1: List and composition of solutions used in this protocol. Abbreviation: PBS -/- = Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline without magnesium and calcium.
The presented protocol details the necessary steps for generating an immunocompetent intestine-on-chip model. We described specific techniques and possible readout methods such as immunofluorescence microscopy, cytokine and metabolite analysis, flow cytometry, protein and genetic analysis, and permeability measurement.
The described model consists of primary HUVECs, monocyte-derived macrophages, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells co-cultured with a 3D layer of intestinal epithelial cells representing aspects of mucus-secreting, absorptive, enteroendocrine, and Paneth cell-like populations, as described before6,14. Some critical points need to be kept in mind while performing the protocol steps. At all steps, air bubble formation should be prevented within the microfluidic system. Therefore, always pipette reverse (take up the volume from the second stop and dispense only until the first stop) when handling the biochip or the tubing. To prevent high pressure or shear forces on cells within the biochip, always pipette gently and keep the opposing chamber closed when pipetting in the biochip (e.g., when exchanging the medium in the upper chamber, close the lower chamber with the respective plugs). The biochip allows the seeding of cells on two sides of a PET membrane. Hence, the model can be set up with intestinal villus-like structures underneath the PET membrane or growing on the membrane upwards. Depending on the research interest, one or the other orientation of the cells has certain benefits in terms of physical interaction, such as gravity-aiding cell attachment of circulating cells suspended in the flow medium.
Due to the microfluidic medium flow, the polarized intestinal cells form a three-dimensional tissue resembling crypt-like and villus-like structures, which shape a profound apical tissue barrier by a dense network of tight junctions and adherens junctions6. Additionally, the integrated innate immune cells increase the intestinal barrier function and allow for the detailed investigation of cytokine and immune cell responses toward various stimuli, including donor-specific immune responses3,6. The model offers a physiologically relevant platform to study microbial commensals (e.g., Lactobacillus rhamnosus6) and pathogens (e.g., Candida albicans6,8 ) of the human gut. The model was leveraged to investigate mechanisms of gut microbial composition changes and regulation of the mucosal immune response6. In the study, we demonstrated how to recreate the physiological immune tolerance of the intestinal lumen and support homeostatic colonization by living microorganisms. Furthermore, pre-colonization of the luminal side of the model with probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduced tissue invasion of Candida albicans and limited its translocation to the vascular compartment, similar to the in vivo situation. The study proved the model's potential for studying microbial interactions, immune responses, and pathogenicity mechanisms of the intestine under physiologically relevant conditions in vitro.
Still, this chip platform has limitations, namely, the use of cancer-derived intestinal cells, which are not fully capable of representing the human gut, and the use of primary endothelial and immune cells. Hypoxic culture conditions can be established by culturing the model in a hypoxia incubator under perfused conditions to better reflect the in vivo situation of the human intestine.
In comparison to other OoC platforms, such as the "gut-on-a-chip" model published by Kim et al.14,15 the initial cell number forming the presented tissue model is about 10-fold higher. This, for example, enables the simultaneous analysis of up to three immunofluorescence staining panels within a singular experiment. The larger cell numbers further streamline endpoint analyses, including flow cytometry, western blot analysis, and other standard off-the-shelf assays, which require cell culture supernatants such as cytokine profiling and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurement. Gaining multiple readouts from a single experiment reduces overall costs and experimental time. Off-the-shelf hardware solutions from a broad spectrum of manufacturers are available due to the standardized biochip platform that features industry interfaces and footprints (microscopic slide format of the chip, ports in luer lock format, and aligned on the 96 well matrix). This also includes many membranes of different materials and pore sizes. The pore size can influence cell growth and tissue integrity16 as well as cell migration.
In summary, this protocol presents a detailed and adaptable intestine-on-chip model that replicates crucial elements of the human gut environment. It provides a scalable and effective platform for conducting extensive research on gut microbiota and the intestinal host tissue, with a particular focus on host immune responses and intestinal pathophysiology. Thus, the model is capable of bridging the gap between traditional in vitro models and human biology, making it an essential tool for in-depth studies on intestinal biology.
The authors have nothing to disclose.
The work was financially supported by the Collaborative Research Center PolyTarget 1278 (project number 316213987) to V.D.W. and A.S.M. A.F. and A.S.M. further acknowledge financial support by the Cluster of Excellence "Balance of the Microverse" under Germany's Excellence Strategy – EXC 2051 – Project-ID 690 390713860. We want to acknowledge Astrid Tannert and the Jena Biophotonic and Imaging Laboratory (JBIL) for providing us access to their confocal laser scanning microscope ZEISS LSM980. Figure 1C and Figure 2 were created with Biorender.com.
96-well plate black, clear bottom | Thermo Fisher | 10000631 | Consumables |
Acetic acid | Roth | 3738.4 | Chemicals |
Alexa Fluor 488 AffiniPure, donkey, anti-mouse IgG (H+L) | Jackson Immuno Research | 715-545-150 | Secondary Antibody Vascular Staining and Epithelial Staining |
Alexa Fluor 647 AffiniPure, donkey, anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) | Jackson Immuno Research | 711-605-152 | Secondary Antibody Epithelial Staining |
Alexa Fluor 647, donkey, anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) | Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen | A31573 | Secondary Antibody Vascular Staining |
Axiocam ERc5s camera | Zeiss | 426540-9901-000 | Technical equipment |
Basal Medium MV, phenol red-free | Promocell | C-22225 | Cell culture consumables |
Biochip | Dynamic 42 | BC002 | Microfluidic consumables |
BSA fraction V | Gibco | 15260-037 | Cell culture consumables |
C2BBe1 (clone of Caco-2) | ATCC | CRL-2102 | Epithelial Cell Source |
Chloroform | Sigma | C2432 | Chemicals |
CO2 Incubator | Heracell | 150i | Technical equipment |
Collagen IV from human placenta | Sigma-Aldrich | C5533 | Cell culture consumables |
Coverslips (24 x 40 mm; #1.5) | Menzel-Gläser | 15747592 | Consumables |
Cy3 AffiniPure, donkey, anti-goat IgG (H+L) | Jackson Immuno Research | 705-165-147 | Secondary Antibody Vascular Staining |
Cy3 AffiniPure, donkey, anti-rat IgG (H+L) | Jackson Immuno Research | 712-165-150 | Secondary Antibody Epithelial Staining |
DAPI (4',6-Diamidin-2-phenylindol, Dilactate) | Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen | D3571 | Vascular and Epithelial Staining |
Descosept PUR | Dr.Schuhmacher | 00-323-100 | Cell culture consumables |
DMEM high glucose | Gibco | 41965-062 | Cell culture consumables |
DMEM high glucose w/o phenol red | Gibco | 31053028 | Cell culture consumables |
DPBS (-/-) | Gibco | 14190-169 | Cell culture consumables |
DPBS (+/+) | Gibco | 14040-133 | Cell culture consumables |
EDTA solution | Invitrogen | 15575-038 | Cell culture consumables |
Endothelial Cell Growth Medium | Promocell | C-22020 | Cell culture consumables |
Endothelial Cell Growth Medium supplement mix | Promocell | C-39225 | Cell culture consumables |
Ethanol 96%, undenatured | Nordbrand-Nordhausen | 410 | Chemicals |
Fetal bovine Serum | invitrogen | 10270106 | Cell culture consumables |
Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (3-5 kDa) | Sigma Aldrich | FD4-100MG | Chemicals |
Fluorescent Mounting Medium | Dako | S3023 | Chemicals |
Gentamycin (10mg/mL) | Sigma Aldrich | G1272 | Cell culture consumables |
GlutaMAX Supplement (100x) | Gibco | 35050061 | Cell culture consumables |
Histopaque | Sigma-Aldrich | 10771 | Cell culture consumables |
Hoechst (bisBenzimid) H33342 | Sigma-Aldrich | 14533 | Epithelial Staining |
Holotransferrin (5mg/mL) Transferrin, Holo, Human Plasma | Millipore | 616397 | Cell culture consumables |
Human recombinant GM-CSF | Peprotech | 300-30 | Cell culture consumables |
Human recombinant M-CSF | Peprotech | 300-25 | Cell culture consumables |
Illumination device | Zeiss | HXP 120 C | Fluorescence Microscope Setup |
Laser Scanning Microscope | Zeiss | CLSM980 | Fluorescence Microscope Setup |
Lidocain hydrochloride | Sigma-Aldrich | L5647 | Cell culture consumables |
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) | Sigma | L2630 | Cell culture consumables |
Loftex Wipes | Loftex | 1250115 | Consumables |
Low attachment tubes (PS, 5 mL) | Falcon | 352052 | Consumables |
Luer adapter for the top cap (M) | Mo Bi Tec | M3003 | Microfluidic consumables |
Male mini luer plugs, row of four,PP, opaque | Microfluidic chipshop | 09-0556-0336-09 | Microfluidic consumables |
MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution | Gibco | 11140 | Cell culture consumables |
Methanol | Roth | 8388.2 | Chemicals |
Microscope | Zeiss | Axio Observer 5 | Fluorescence Microscope Setup |
Microscope slides | Menzel | MZ-0002 | Consumables |
Monoclonal, mouse, anti-human CD68 Antibody (KP1) | Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen | 14-0688-82 | Primary Antibody Vascular Staining |
Monoclonal, rat, anti-human E-Cadherin antibody (DECMA-1) | Sigma-Aldrich, Millipore | MABT26 | Primary Antibody Epithelial Staining |
Multiskan Go plate reader | Thermo Fisher | 51119300 | Technical equipment |
Normal donkey serum | Biozol | LIN-END9010-10 | Chemicals |
Optical Sectioning | Zeiss | ApoTome | Fluorescence Microscope Setup |
Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) | Gibco | 15140-122 | Cell culture consumables |
Plugs | Cole Parmer | GZ-45555-56 | Microfluidic consumables |
Polyclonal, goat, anti-human VE-Cadherin Antibody | R&D Systems | AF938 | Primary Antibody Vascular Staining |
Polyclonal, rabbit, anti-human Von Willebrand Factor Antibody | Dako | A0082 | Primary Antibody Vascular Staining |
Polyclonal, rabbit, anti-human ZO-1 antibody | Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen | 61-7300 | Primary Antibody Epithelial Staining |
Power Supply Microscope | Zeiss | Eplax Vp232 | Fluorescence Microscope Setup |
Primovert microscope | Zeiss | 415510-1101-000 | Technical equipment |
Reglo ICC peristaltic pump | Ismatec | ISM4412 | Technical equipment |
SAHA (Vorinostat) | Sigma Aldrich | SML0061-25MG | Chemicals |
Saponin | Fluka | 47036 | Chemicals |
S-Monovette, 7.5 mL Z-Gel | Sarstedt | 01.1602 | Consumables |
S-Monovette, 9.0 mL K3E | Sarstedt | 02.1066.001 | Consumables |
Sodium Pyruvate | Gibco | 11360-088 | Cell culture consumables |
Tank 4.5 mL | ChipShop | 10000079 | Microfluidic consumables |
Trypane blue stain 0.4% | Invitrogen | T10282 | Cell culture consumables |
Trypsin | Gibco | 11538876 | Cell culture consumables |
Tubing | Dynamic 42 | ST001 | Microfluidic consumables |
Tweezers (Präzisionspinzette DUMONT abgewinkelt Inox08, 5/45, 0,06 mm) | Roth | K343.1 | Consumables |
Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) | Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen | W32464 | Epithelial Staining |
X-VIVO 15 | Lonza | BE02-060F | Cell culture consumables, Hematopoietic cell medium |
Zellkultur Multiwell Platten, 24 Well, sterile | Greiner Bio-One | 662 160 | Consumables |
Zellkultur Multiwell Platten, 6 Well, sterile | Greiner Bio-One | 657 160 | Consumables |
Zen Blue Software | Zeiss | Version 3.7 | Microscopy Software |