JoVE Journal > Environment
Summary
Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Results
Discussion
Disclosures
Acknowledgements
Materials
References
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环境科学

将发电厂的碳捕获与半自动开放式管道池相结合，用于微藻养殖

Published: August 14, 2020
doi:
10.3791/61498
, , ,
1Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,University of Arizona, 2Department of Biosystems Engineering,University of Arizona, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering,University of Arizona

Summary

描述了一种利用天然气发电厂烟气中的二氧化碳在开放式水道池中培养微藻的协议。烟气注入由pH传感器控制，微藻生长通过实时测量光密度来监测。

Abstract

在美国，二氧化碳（CO2）排放总量的35%来自电力行业，其中30%代表天然气发电。微藻可以比植物快10到15倍地生物固定CO2 ，并将藻类生物质转化为感兴趣的产品，如生物燃料。因此，这项研究提出了一种方案，证明了微藻种植与位于美国西南部的天然气发电厂在炎热的半干旱气候下的潜在协同作用。最先进的技术用于通过绿藻种类 小球藻sorokiniana来增强碳捕获和利用，该物种可以进一步加工成生物燃料。我们描述了一个涉及半自动开放式管道池的协议，并讨论了在亚利桑那州图森的图森发电厂进行测试时的性能结果。以烟气为主要碳源控制pH值，培养小 球藻 。使用优化的培养基来培养藻类。作为时间的函数，添加到系统中的 CO2 量受到密切监控。此外，还监测了影响藻类生长速率、生物量生产率和固碳的其他物理化学因素，包括光密度、溶解氧（DO）、电导性（EC）以及空气和池塘温度。结果表明，微藻产量可达0.385 g/L，无灰干重，脂质含量为24%。利用CO2 排放者和藻类养殖者之间的协同机会，可以提供增加碳捕获所需的资源，同时支持藻类生物燃料和生物制品的可持续生产。

Introduction

全球变暖是当今世界面临的最重要的环境问题之一1.研究表明，主要原因是由于人类活动导致大气中温室气体（GHG）排放量的增加，主要是CO2，2，3，4，5，6，7。在美国，二氧化碳排放密度最大的主要来自能源部门的化石燃料燃烧，特别是发电厂3，7，8，9。因此，碳捕集和利用（CCU）技术已成为减少温室气体排放的主要战略之一2，7，10。这些包括利用阳光在营养物质存在下通过光合作用将CO2和水转化为生物质的生物系统。由于生长速度快，CO2固定能力高，生产能力高，提出了使用微藻的方法。此外，微藻具有广泛的生物能源潜力，因为生物质可以转化为感兴趣的产品，例如可以取代化石燃料的生物燃料7，9，10，11，12。

微藻可以在各种养殖系统或反应器中生长并实现生物转化，包括开放式水道池塘和封闭式光生物反应器13、14、15、16、17、18、19。研究人员研究了在室内或室外条件下决定两种栽培系统中生物过程成功与否的优点和局限性5，6，16，20，21，22，23，24，25.开放式水道池塘是烟气直接从烟囱中分配的情况下，最常见的碳捕获和利用养殖系统。这种类型的栽培系统相对便宜，易于放大，能源成本低，混合能源要求低。此外，这些系统可以很容易地与发电厂位于同一地点，以使CCU过程更加高效。但是，需要考虑一些缺点，例如CO2气体/液体传质的限制。虽然存在局限性，但开放式水道池塘已被提议为最适合室外微藻生物燃料生产的系统5，9，11，16，20。

在本文中，我们详细介绍了在开放式水道池塘中培养微藻的方法，该方法结合了从天然气发电厂烟气中捕获的碳。该方法由一个半自动化系统组成，该系统根据培养pH值控制烟气注入;该系统使用光密度、溶解氧 （DO）、电导率 （EC） 以及空气和池塘温度传感器实时监测和记录 小球藻 培养状态。在图森电力设施中，数据记录仪每10分钟收集一次藻类生物质和烟气注入数据。藻类菌株维持、放大、质量控制测量和生物质表征（例如，光密度、g/L 和脂质含量之间的相关性）在亚利桑那大学的实验室环境中进行。先前的协议概述了一种优化烟气设置的方法，以通过计算机模拟26促进光生物反应器中的微藻生长。这里介绍的协议是独一无二的，因为它利用了开放式水道池塘，并且设计用于在天然气发电厂现场实施，以便直接利用产生的烟气。此外，实时光密度测量是协议的一部分。所描述的系统针对炎热的半干旱气候（柯本BSh）进行了优化，该气候的降水量低，降水逐年变化很大，相对湿度低，蒸发率高，天空晴朗，太阳辐射强烈27.

Protocol

1.生长系统：室外开放式水道池塘设置 在靠近烟气源（含有8-10%CO2）的地方设置开放式水道池。确保池塘反应器位置有水和电，并且反应器在一天中的大部分时间里不在阴凉处（图1）。 在燃烧后过程中，使用0.95厘米的燃油软管捕获烟气，在烟气进入烟囱排放到大气中之前几米处（图2）。 使用20 L水收集器和烟囱和压缩机…

Representative Results

我们实验室先前的实验结果表明，使用半自动开放式管道池的微藻培养可以与碳捕获过程相结合。为了更好地理解这两个过程之间的协同作用（图2），我们开发了一个方案，并对其进行了定制，以便在炎热的半干旱气候下的户外条件下培养绿藻物种 小球藻 。天然气烟气是从工业发电站获得的。该协议使用各种技术来评估藻类生物质的生产力：（1）藻类生长使用实时…

Discussion

在这项研究中，我们证明了在炎热的半干旱气候下，协同耦合烟气碳捕获和微藻培养是可能的。半自动水道池塘系统的实验方案集成了最先进的技术，以实时监测使用烟气作为碳源时与藻类生长相关的相关参数。拟议的议定书旨在减少藻类养殖的不确定性，这是20，21，36水道池塘的主要缺点之一。根据我们的经验，该协议最关…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这项工作得到了美国能源部DE-EE0006269区域藻类原料试验台项目的支持。我们还感谢Esteban Jimenez，Jessica Peebles，Francisco Acedo，Jose Cisneros，RAFT Team，Mark Mansfield，UA发电厂工作人员和TEP发电厂工作人员的所有帮助。

Materials

Adjustable speed motor (paddle wheel system) Leeson 174307 Lesson 174307.00, type: SCR Voltage; Amps:10
Aluminum weight boats Fisher Scientific 08-732-102 Fisherbrand Aluminum Weighing Dishes
Ammonium Iron (III) (NH₄)₅[Fe(C₆H₄O₇)₂] Fisher Scientific 1185 – 57 – 5 Medium preparation. Ammonium iron(III) citrate
Ammonium Phosphate Sigma-Aldrich 7722-76-1 This chemical is used for the optimized medium
Ampicillin sodium salt Sigma Aldrich A9518-5G This chemical is used for avoiding algae contamination
Autoclave Amerex Instrument Inc Hirayama HA300MII
Bacto agar Fisher Scientific BP1423500 Fisher BioReagents Granulated Agar
Bleach Clorox Germicidal Bleach, concentrated clorox
Boric Acid (H3BO3) Fisher Scientific 10043-35-3 Trace Elelements: Boric acid
Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2*2H2O) Sigma-Aldrich 10035-04-8 Medium preparation. Calcium chloride dihydrate
Carboys (20 L) Nalgene – Thermo Fisher Scientific 2250-0050PK Polypropylene Carboy w/Handles
Centrifuge Beckman Coulter, Inc J2-21
Chloroform Sigma-Aldrich 67-66-3 This chemical is used for lipid extraction
Citraplex 20% Iron Loveland Products SDS No. 1000595582 -17-LPI https://www.fbn.com/direct/product/Citraplex-20-Iron#product_info
Cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2*6H2O) Sigma-Aldrich 10026-22-9 Trace Elements: Cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate
Compressor Makita MAC700 This equipment is used for the injection CO2 system
Control Valve Sierra Instruments SmartTrak 100 This item needs to be customized for your application. In our case, it was used a 5% CO2 and 95% air mixture.
Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate (CuSO4*5H2O) Sigma-Aldrich 7758-99-8 Trace Elements: Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate
Data Logger: Campbell unit CR3000 Scientific Campbell CR3000 This equipment is used for controlling all the system, motoring and recording data
Dissolvde Oxygen Solution Campbell Scientific 14055 Dissolved oxygen electrolyte solution DO6002 – Lot No. 211085
Dissolved Oxygen probe Sensorex  DO6400/T Dissolved Oxygen Sensor with Digital Communication
Electroconductivity calibration solution Ricca Chemical Company 2245 – 32 ( R2245000-1A ) Conductivity Standard, 5000 uS/cm at 25C (2620 ppm TDS as NaCl)
Electroconductivity probe sensor Hanna Instruments HI3003/D Flow-thru Conductivity Probe – NTC Sensor, DIN Connector, 3m Cable
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (Na2EDTA*2H2O) Sigma-Aldrich 6381-92-6 Medium Preparation: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate
Filters Fisher Scientific 09-874-48 Whatman Binder-Free Glass Microfiber Filters
Flasks Fisher scientific 09-552-40 Pyrex Fernbach Flasks
Furnace Hogentogler Model: F6020C-80 Thermo Sicentific Thermolyne F6020C – 80 Muffle Furnace
Glass dessicator VWR International LLC 75871-430 Type 150, 140 mm of diameter
Glass funnel Fisher Scientific FB6005865 Fisherbrand Reusable Glass Long-Stem Funnels
Laminar flow hood Fisher Hamilton Safeair Fisher Hamilton Stainless Safeair hume hood
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4*7H2O) Fisher Scientific 10034 – 99 – 8 Medium Preparation: Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Methanol Sigma-Aldrich 67-56-1 Lipid extraction solvent
Micro bubble Diffuser Pentair Aquatic Eco-Systems 1PMBD075 This equipment is used for the injection CO2 system
Microalgae: Chlorella Sorokiniana NAABB DOE 1412
Microoscope Carl Zeiss 4291097
Microwave assistant extraction MARS, CEM Corportation CEM Mars 5 Xtraction 230/60 Microwave Accelerated Reaction System. Model: 907601
MnCl2*4H2O Sigma-Aldrich 13446-34-9 Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate
Mortars Fisher Scientific FB961B Fisherbrand porcelein mortars
Nitrogen evaporator Organomation N-EVAP 112 Nitrogen Evaporatpr (OA-SYS Heating System)
Oven VWR International LLC 89511-410 Forced Air Oven
Paddle Wheel 8-blade horizontal axis propeller. This usually comes as part of the paddlewheel reactor.
Paddle wheel motor Leeson M1135042.00 Leeson, Model: CM34025Nz10C; 1/4 HP; Volts 90; FR 34; 62 RPM.
Pestles Fisher Scientific FB961M Fisherbrand porcelein pestles
pH and EC Transmitter Hanna Instruments HI98143 Hanna Instruments HI98143-04 pH and EC Transmitter with Galvanic isolated 0-4V.
pH calibration solutions Fisher Scientific 13-643-003 Thermo Scientific Orion pH Buffer Bottles
pH probe sensor Hanna Instruments HI1006-2005 Hanna Instruments HI1006-2005 Teflon pH Electrode with matching pin 5m.
Pippete tips Fisher Scientific 1111-2821 1000 ul TipOne graduated blue tip in racks
Pippetter Fisher Scientific 13-690-032 Eppendorf Reserch plus Variable Adjustable Volume Pipettes: Single-channel
Plastic cuvettes Fisher scientific 14377017 BrandTech BRAND Plastic Cuvettes
Plates Fisher scientific 08-757-100D Corning Falcon Bacteriological Petri Dishes with Lid
Potash This chemical is used for the optimazed medium preparation. It was bought in a fertilizer local company
Potassium phosphate dibasic (K2HPO4) Sigma-Aldrich 7758 -11 – 4 Medium Preparation: Potassium phosphate dibasic
Pyrex reusable Media Storage Bottles Fisher scientific 06-414-2A 1 L and 2 L bottels – PYREX GL45 Screw Caps with Plug Seals
Raceway Pond Similar equipment can be bought at https://microbioengineering.com/products
Real Time Optical Density Sensor University of Arizona This equipment was design and build by a member of the group
RS232 Cable Sabrent Sabrent USB 2.0 to Serial (9-Pin) DB-9 RS-232 Converter Cable, Prolific Chipset, Hexnuts, [Windows 10/8.1/8/7/VISTA/XP, Mac OS X 10.6 and Above] 2.5 Feet (CB-DB9P)
Shaker Table Algae agitation 150 rpm
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) Sigma-Aldrich 497-19-8 Sodium carbonate
Sodium molybdate dihydrate (Na2MoO4*2H2O) Sigma-Aldrich 10102-40-6 Medium Preparation: Sodium molybdate dihydrate
Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) Sigma-Aldrich 7631-99-4 Medium Preparation: Sodium nitrate
Spectophotometer Fisher Scientific Company 14-385-400 Thermo Fisher Scientific – 10S UV-Vis GENESTYS Spectrophotometer cylindrical Longpath cell holder; internal reference dectector, Xenon flash lamp; dual silicon photodiode; 240V, 50 to 60Hz selected automatically.
Test tubes Fisher Scientific 14-961-27 Fisherbrand Disposable Borosilicate Glass Tubes with Plain End (10 ml)
Thermocouples type K Omega KMQXL-125G-6
Urea Sigma-Aldrich 2067-80-3 Urea
Vacuum filtration system Fisher Scientific XX1514700 MilliporeSigma Glass Vacuum Filter Holder, 47 mm. The system includes: Ground glass flask attachment, coarse-frit glass filter support, and flask
Vacuum pump Grainger Marathon Electric AC Motor Thermally protected G588DX – MOD 5KH36KNA510X. HP 1/4. RPM 1725/1425
Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4*7H2O) Sigma-Aldrich 7446-20-0 Zinc sulfate heptahydrate
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

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Carbon CaptureMicroalgae CultivationOpen Raceway PondsSemi-automated SystemPH ControlFlue Gas UtilizationReal-time MonitoringAlgae Culture

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Acedo, M., Gonzalez Cena, J. R., Kiehlbaugh, K. M., Ogden, K. L. Coupling Carbon Capture from a Power Plant with Semi-automated Open Raceway Ponds for Microalgae Cultivation. J. Vis. Exp. (162), e61498, doi:10.3791/61498 (2020).
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