The protocol presents the reprogramming of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to induce neural stem cells by Sendai virus infection, differentiation of iNSCs into dopaminergic neurons, transplantation of DA precursors into the unilaterally-lesioned Parkinson's disease mouse models, and evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iNSC-derived DA precursors for PD treatment.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the ventral mesencephalon (VM). Cell replacement therapy holds great promise for treatment of PD. Recently, induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) have emerged as a potential candidate for cell replacement therapy due to the reduced risk of tumor formation and the plasticity to give rise to region-specific neurons and glia. iNSCs can be reprogrammed from autologous somatic cellular sources, such as fibroblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and various other types of cells. Compared with other types of somatic cells, PBMNCs are an appealing starter cell type because of the ease to access and expand in culture. Sendai virus (SeV), an RNA non-integrative virus, encoding reprogramming factors including human OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC, has a negative-sense, single-stranded, non-segmented genome that does not integrate into host genome, but only replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, offering an efficient and safe vehicle for reprogramming. In this study, we describe a protocol in which iNSCs are obtained by reprogramming PBMNCs, and differentiated into specialized VM DA neurons by a two-stage method. Then DA precursors are transplanted into unilaterally 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned PD mouse models to evaluate the safety and efficacy for treatment of PD. This method provides a platform to investigate the functions and therapeutic effects of patient-specific DA neural cells in vitro and in vivo.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, caused by degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the ventral mesencephalon (VM), with a prevalence of more than 1% in population over 60 years of age1,2. Over the past decade, cell therapy, aimed at either replacing the degenerative or damaged cells, or nourishing the microenvironment around the degenerating neurons, has shown potential in treatment of PD3. Meanwhile, reprogramming technology has made significant progress4, which provides a promising cellular source for replacement therapy. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been proven to be able to differentiate into DA neural cells, which could survive, maturate, and improve the motor functions when grafted into rat and non-human primate PD models5,6,7,8. iPSCs represent a milestone in cellular reprogramming technologies and have a great potential in cell transplantation; however, there is still a concern about the risk of tumor formation from the incompletely differentiated cells. An alternative cellular source for cell transplantation is lineage-committed adult stem cells obtained through direct reprogramming, such as induced neural stem cells (iNSCs), which can be derived from the unstable intermediates, bypassing the pluripotency stage9,10,11.
Both iPSCs and iNSCs can be reprogrammed from autologous cellular sources, such as fibroblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and various other types of cells12,13,14, thus reducing the immunogenicity of transplanted cells to a great degree. Moreover, compared with iPSCs, iNSCs are inherent with reduced risk of tumor formation and lineage-committed plasticity, only able to differentiate into neurons and glia11. In the initial studies, human or mouse iPSCs and iNSCs were generated from fibroblasts obtained from skin biopsies, which is an invasive procedure14,15. With this respect, PBMNCs are an appealing starter cell source because of the less invasive sampling process, and the ease to obtain large numbers of cells within a short period of expansion time16. Initial reprogramming studies employed integrative delivery systems, such as lentiviral or retroviral vectors, which are efficient and easy to implement in many types of cells17; however, these delivery systems may cause mutations and reactivation of residual transgenes, which present safety issues for clinical therapeutic purposes12. Sendai virus (SeV) is a non-integrative RNA virus with a negative-sense, single-stranded genome that does not integrate into host genome, but only replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, offering an efficient and safe vehicle for reprogramming18,19. Recombinant SeV vectors are available that contain reprogramming factors including human OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC in their open reading frames. In addition, SeV viral vectors can be further improved by introducing temperature-sensitive mutations, so that they could be rapidly removed when the culture temperature is raised to 39 °C20. In this article, we describe a protocol to reprogram PBMNCs to iNSCs using the SeV system.
Many studies have reported derivation of DA neurons from human ESCs or iPSCs using various methods6,8,21. However, there is a shortage of protocols describing the differentiation of DA neurons from iNSCs in details. In this protocol, we will describe the efficient generation of DA neurons from iNSCs using a two-stage method. The DA neuronal precursors can be transplanted into the striatum of PD mouse models for safety and efficacy evaluations. This article will present a detailed protocol that covers various stages from generation of induced neural stem cells by Sendai virus, differentiation of iNSCs into DA neurons, establishment of mouse PD models, to transplantation of DA precursors into the striatum of the PD models. Using this protocol, one can generate iNSCs from patients and healthy donors and derive DA neurons that are safe, standardizable, scalable and homogeneous for cell transplantation purposes, or for modeling PD in a dish and investigation of the mechanisms underlying disease onset and development.
All procedures must follow the guidelines of institutional human research ethics committee. Informed consent must be obtained from patients or healthy volunteers before blood collection. This protocol was approved by the institution's human research ethics committee and was performed according to the institution's guidelines for care and use of animals.
1. Collection, isolation and expansion of PBMNCs
2. Reprogramming of PBMNCs to iNSCs by SeV Infection
3. Differentiation of iNSCs to dopaminergic neurons
4. Establishment of unilateral 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned PD mouse models
5. Behavioral assessment after unilateral 6-OHDA lesioning
6. Cell transplantation of DA precursors
Here, we report a protocol that covers different stages of iNSC-DA cell therapy to treat PD models. Firstly, PBMNCs were isolated and expanded, and reprogrammed into iNSCs by SeV infection. A schematic representation of the procedures with PBMNC expansion and iNSC induction is shown in Figure 1. On day -14, PBMNCs were isolated by using a density gradient medium (Table of Materials). Before centrifugation, blood diluted with PBS and the density gradient medium were separated into two layers. After centrifugation, four gradient layers appeared (from bottom to top): the bottom layer contained granulocytes and erythrocytes; the second layer contained density gradient medium; the third contained PBMNCs (red arrow); the top layer contained platelet-rich plasma (Figure 2A). After 14 days of expansion, PBMNCs were infected with SeV as day 0. On day 1, medium with SeV was removed (Figure 2B). As illustrated in Figure 2B, it is expected that the number of cells was reduced gradually. Cells underwent a drastic death (>60%) until day 5 (Figure 2B). iNSC colonies emerged on day 12 at the earliest (Figure 2B). After picking and transferring iNSC clones for expansion for a number of passages, the morphology of cells is shown in Figure 2C. The iNSCs showed a good morphology and could self-renew stably in iNSC medium, either in a monolayer form or as spheres (Figure 2C).
iNSCs could give rise to DA neurons using a two-stage method (Figure 1). During stage one which lasted 10 days, iNSCs were treated with SAG1 and FGF8b to induce specification of VM floor plate cells with neurogenic potentials. Then the cells were treated with ascorbic acid, BDNF, GDNF, cAMP, DAPT, TGF-βIII in the second stage (Figure 1). With this two-stage method, DA precursors could be obtained towards the end of the first stage, and more mature DA neurons could be generated in the end of the second stage. After 24 days of differentiation, iNSCs could be efficiently specified to DA neurons as a majority of them expressed forkhead box A2 (FOXA2), neuron-specific class III β-tubulin (TUJ1) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (Figure 3).
Three weeks after establishment of unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned PD mouse models, behavioral assessment was conducted to estimate PD symptoms (Figure 4A). Then one week later, dopaminergic precursors were transplanted to the PD mouse models (Figure 4A). The behavioral assessment was performed one week before and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 weeks after cell transplantation (Figure 4A). The mice that had received cell transplantation showed significant improvement in motor function (Figure 4B). The extent of 6-OHDA-induced lesioning can be verified by post-mortem immunofluorescent staining for TH at the striatum, medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and SNpc (Figure 4C). The TH-positive signals in engrafted mice were greatly recovered in the striatum where cells were implanted and mildly recovered at SNpc (Figure 4C). Three months after transplantation, about 13.84% were TH+ DA neurons among surviving cells (Figure 4D,E). About 91.72% and 86.76% of the TH+ cells were expressed orphan nuclear receptor (NURR1) and FOXA2, respectively (Figure 4D,E). About 98.77% of the TH+ cells were co-labeled with G-protein-coupled inward rectifier potassium (GIRK2) (Figure 4D,E).
Figure 1: A schematic representation of procedures regarding PBMNC expansion, iNSC induction and differentiation of iNSCs into DA precursors. PBMNCs were isolated and expanded in MNC medium for over 14 days, and then infected with SeV encoding human SOX2, OCT3/4, c-MYC and KLF4. iNSC colonies emerged as early as 12 days after SeV infection. After 3-4 weeks, iNSC colonies were picked and differentiated into DA precursors by a two-stage method. PBMNCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; MNC: mononuclear cells; iNSCs: induced neural stem cells; SeV: Sendai virus; DA: dopaminergic; PDL: poly-D-lysine; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; AA: ascorbic acid; cAMP: dibutyryladenosine cyclic monophosphate; TGF: transforming growth factor. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 2: PBMNCs are isolated and expanded, and then reprogrammed into iNSCs by SeV infection. (A) An example of PBMNCs before and after gradient centrifugation. Before centrifugation, diluted blood samples and density gradient medium were separated into two layers. After centrifugation, four density gradient layers formed from bottom to top: the bottom layer contained granulocytes and erythrocytes; the second layer contained the density gradient medium; the third layer contained PBMNCs (red arrow); the top layer contained platelet-rich plasma. (B) Images of the typical morphology of cells after PBMNCs were infected with SeV on days 1, 2, 5, and 12. After PBMNCs were infected with SeV, some of the cells died and the number of cells was reduced gradually. A small number of cells remained on day 5. On day 12, iNSCs colonies emerged. Scale bar, 100 μm. (C) The typical morphology of iNSCs of passage number 20 in monolayer and sphere culture. Scale bar, 100 μm. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 3: Differentiation of iNSCs to dopaminergic neurons. Immunofluorescent staining for FOXA2, TH, TUJ1, DAPI and merged images on day 24 on cells differentiated from iNSCs. Scale bar, 50 μm. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 4: Transplantation of iNSC-differentiated DA precursors into unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned PD mouse models. (A) Timeline for cell transplantation and behavioral tests. (B) The results of behavioral tests at different time points from the 6-OHDA+cells group (n = 10), 6-OHDA+buffer group (n = 8) and control group (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). ***p < 0.001 by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. (C) Post-mortem immunofluorescent staining for TH at the striatum, medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and substantia nigra (SN) of 6-OHDA-leisioned hemisphere, 6-OHDA+cells hemisphere, and control group. Scale bars, 100 μm. (D) Percentages of FOXA2/TH, NURR1/TH, GIRK2/TH, TH/HNA in engrafted mice 3 months after transplantation. HNA: human nuclei antibody. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. (E) Immunofluorescent staining for FOXA2, NURR1, GIRK2, TH and HNA on brain slices from PD mice 12 weeks after cell transplantation. HNA: human nuclei antibody. This figure has been modified from Yuan et al.11. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Here we presented a protocol that covered different stages of iNSC-DA cell therapy for PD models. Critical aspects of this protocol include: (1) isolation and expansion of PBMNCs and reprogramming of PBMNCs into iNSCs by SeV infection, (2) differentiation of iNSCs to DA neurons, (3) establishment of unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned PD mouse models and behavioral assessment, and (4) cell transplantation of DA precursors and behavioral assessment.
In this protocol, the first part involves collecting and expanding PBMNCs in a serum-free medium (MNC medium), which preferentially expands erythroblasts and does not support lymphocyte proliferation. In previous studies, several somatic cell types have been reprogrammed to iPSCs or iNSCs12,13,14. In comparison with other types of somatic cells, PBMNCs possess several advantages. The most significant advantage is their favorable gene expression patterns and epigenetic profiles. PBMNCs are short-lived in vivo and replenished frequently from activated hematopoietic stem cells, and may accumulate fewer mutations than skin fibroblasts do. Also, the way to sample PBMNCs is less invasive than that for fibroblasts, and it takes a shorter period of time to expand PBMNCs (around 14 days) versus fibroblasts (around 28 days)16,22. After centrifugation using a density gradient medium, four density gradients will be formed from bottom to top; the bottom layer contains granulocytes and erythrocytes, the second lower layer contains the density gradient medium, the third layer contains MNCs, and the top layer contains plasma. The yield of PBMNCs normally varies between individuals, particularly those of different ages. Generally, younger people tend to have a greater number of PBMNCs than older people. With the described protocol, about 1.8−3.4 x 107 PBMNCs could be isolated from 15 mL of PB. Among PBMNCs, CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells are relatively prone to reprogramming, and MNC medium may enrich CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells to some extent. It is expected that an equal or greater number of visible cells cultured with MNC medium remain after 14 days of expansion. SeV, an RNA non-integrative virus, has a negative-sense, single-stranded, non-segmented genome that does not integrate into host genome, but only replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells18,19. Recombinant SeV encoding reprogramming factors OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC, can be generated as a temperature-sensitive mutant, which could be removed easily at 39 °C20. With this protocol, we derived 8-20 iNSC colonies by reprogramming PBMNCs from one healthy volunteer or patient using 15 mL of PB. Then researchers could select colonies with good morphologies for further passaging and line establishment. In the published report, iNSCs of passage numbers 10, 20, and 30 showed similar proliferation rates, and could be passaged more than 50 times, showing a good self-renewal and proliferative capacity11. iNSCs could be characterized by differentiation assays and immunostaining for neural stem cell markers SOX2, PAX6, NESTIN and OLIG2, and the proliferative marker Ki67. iNSCs should express those neural stem cell markers and possess a differentiation ability to become TUJ1+, MAP2+ neurons (after 6 weeks), GFAP+ astrocytes (after 6 weeks) and OLIG2+, O1+ oligodendrocytes (after 7-8 weeks)11. However, one limitation of this protocol is that MNC medium is preferentially favorable to erythroblast expansion, which may render it not suitable for generating iNSCs from patients who are deficient in erythroblast development. Besides, the efficiency of reprogramming PBMNCs to iNSCs is not high. One may enhance reprogramming efficiency by using certain small molecules or increasing the yield by using more starting PBMNCs23.
The method about the differentiation of iNSCs into DA neurons described here builds upon a great number of protocols for neural differentiation. As PD is mainly caused by degeneration of DA neurons located in the midbrain1,2, the aim of the protocols is focused on the derivation of specialized VM DA neurons, which arise from floor plate cells during development24. Induction of VM floor plate cells with neurogenic potentials depends on two key morphogens, SHH and FGF8b6,25,26. SHH is a ventralizing morphogen, secreted by notochord26,27. Here we replaced SHH with the small molecule SAG1, a SHH pathway agonist that is more economical than SHH. Also, basic neural culture medium and supplement (Table of Materials) are important for neuronal survival and differentiation. With this protocol, DA precursors were obtained towards the end of the first stage, and more mature DA neurons were generated at the end of the second stage. Increasing the period of time of the second stage to 40-55 days could further enhance the proportion of mature DA neurons in culture. Included in the second stage medium are the retinoic acid, BDNF, GDNF, TGF-βIII, DAPT and cAMP, which have been demonstrated to be able to promote DA neuron maturation and survival. To test the efficiency of iNSCs in differentiation into DA neurons, the differentiated cells were examined for expression of markers NURR1, FOXA2, GIRK2 and TH. In a previous study, at the end of stage I (day 10), 87.76% and 65.33% cells expressed NURR1 and FOXA2, respectively11. At the end of stage II (day 24), the percentage of NURR1+ cells reached 95.58% and the proportion of FOXA2+ cells reached 77.33%11. At this time point, 57.23% and 28.55% cells were positive for TH and GIRK2, respectively11. Similar to what has been observed for iPSC differentiation towards DA neurons, a batch to batch/line to line variation for iNSC differentiation also exists, which is influenced by factors such as cell state, the activity of small molecules used, and the plasticity of stem cells from different persons. It is also noteworthy that a key determinant of the differentiation efficiency is cell density. A seeding density of 5 x 103 cells per 12 mm glass coverslip in 24-well plates is recommended. In fact, iNSCs exhibit a good proliferative rate during differentiation stage I. The iNSCs seeded in one well of a 24-well plate would give rise to a sufficient number of DA precursors by differentiation day 10−13 for transplantation into one mouse (2 x 105 for each mouse).
This protocol presents a method for the establishment of reproducible and stable unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned PD mouse models. The extent of 6-OHDA lesion can be estimated by behavioral assessment that measures the contralateral rotations after injection of apomorphine. Also, the degree of 6-OHDA-induced lesion can be quantified by post-mortem immunofluorescent staining for TH in the SNpc. Another type of neurotoxin used in PD modeling is 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tertahydropyridine (MPTP), which also disrupts dopaminergic pathways. Compared to MPTP, 6-OHDA could be administered uni- or bilaterally. Also, the MPTP method is more sensitive to animal age, gender and strain and thus may show a higher degree of variation between the animals28. The critical factors include selecting mice with matching weight, injecting freshly prepared 6-OHDA solution and performing surgery accurately and quickly.
The procedures of cell transplantation of DA precursors into the striatum of lesioned mice are basically the same as the procedures for generation of 6-OHDA-lesioned PD mouse models, except that 6-OHDA is replaced by DA precursors at the injection step. The key factor in this part is searching the optimal time window of DA cell differentiation for transplantation. It has been demonstrated that a higher degree of stemness correlates with a higher survival rate but a lower potential of specification into mature DA neurons11. However, a more mature stage of neural cells are more vulnerable, and show a lower survival rate after transplantation11. Therefore, finding a suitable time window that balances the ability of maturation and survival is of significance. In a previous study, we transplanted cells of differentiation day 10 and 13 into the striatum of immunodeficient SCID-beige mice11. One month after engraftment, immunofluorescent staining results revealed that about 88.63% and 93.13% were TUJ1-positive for day 10 and day 13 groups, respectively, and some TH+ cells (5.30%) were detected from day 13 group but few TH+ cells from day 10 group. Nevertheless, compared to day 13 cells, day 10 cells gave rise to a slightly higher overall survival rate11. The results revealed that day 10 to day 13 is an optimal time window of cells for engraftment11. In this protocol, we used a mixture of DA cells from differentiation day 10 and day 13 at a ratio of 1:7 for engraftment, which showed a good result of survival and differentiation11. Using a mixture of cells from day 10 and day 13 was based on a hypothesis that relatively immature and mature neural cells, when put together, may support each other, reminiscent of the in vivo situation in mice where neural stem cells are surrounded by mature neurons.
This protocol presents the method of generating iNSCs from PBMNCs by SeV infection, differentiating iNSCs into DA neurons, and transplanting DA precursors into 6-OHDA-lesioned PD mouse models. Using this protocol, one can generate iNSCs with potentials not only for treatment of PD, but also of other neurodegenerative diseases. Since the iNSCs represent a primitive NSC stage, they can be specified into different region-specific neural cells, such as spinal cord neurons or motor neurons, which may be of promising utility for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or spinal cord injury. Besides, iNSCs derived from familial disease patients offer a platform to study mechanisms underlying disease onset and development, and to conduct drug screening tests.
There is more than one way to obtain DA neural cells for transplantation studies. DA cells can also be generated from iPSCs or by direct conversion29. Compared with iPSCs, iNSCs are inherent with reduced risk of tumor formation, a shorter period of reprogramming and line establishment, and lineage-committed plasticity - only able to differentiate into neurons and glia11. Compared with direct conversion, differentiating DA precursors from iNSCs gives rise to a higher yield and efficiency30.
The authors have nothing to disclose.
The work was supported by the following grants: Stem Cell and Translation National Key Project (2016YFA0101403), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81661130160, 81422014, 81561138004), Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (5142005), Beijing Talents Foundation (2017000021223TD03), Support Project of High-level Teachers in Beijing Municipal Universities in the Period of 13th Five–year Plan (CIT & TCD20180333), Beijing Medical System High Level Talent Award (2015-3-063), Beijing Municipal Health Commission Fund (PXM 2018_026283_000002), Beijing One Hundred, Thousand, and Ten Thousand Talents Fund (2018A03), Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support (ZYLX201706), and the Royal Society-Newton Advanced Fellowship (NA150482).
15-ml conical tube | Corning | 430052 | |
1-Thioglycerol | Sigma-Aldrich | M6145 | Toxic for inhalation and skin contact |
24-well plate | Corning | 3337 | |
50-ml conical tube | Corning | 430828 | |
6-OHDA | Sigma-Aldrich | H4381 | |
6-well plate | Corning | 3516 | |
Accutase | Invitrogen | A11105-01 | Cell dissociation reagent |
Apomorphine | Sigma-Aldrich | A4393 | |
Ascorbic acid | Sigma-Aldrich | A92902 | Toxic with skin contact |
B27 supplement | Invitrogen | 17504044 | |
BDNF | Peprotech | 450-02 | Brain derived neurotrophic factor |
Blood collection tubes containing sodium heparin | BD | 367871 | |
BSA | yisheng | 36106es60 | Fetal bovine serum |
cAMP | Sigma-Aldrich | D0627 | Dibutyryladenosine cyclic monophosphate |
CellBanker 2 | ZENOAQ | 100ml | Used as freezing medium for PBMNCs |
Chemically defined lipid concentrate | Invitrogen | 11905031 | |
CHIR99021 | Gene Operation | 04-0004 | |
Coverslip | Fisher | 25*25-2 | |
DAPI | Sigma-Aldrich | D8417-10mg | |
DAPT | Sigma-Aldrich | D5942 | |
Dexamethasone | Sigma-Aldrich | D2915-100MG | |
DMEM-F12 | Gibco | 11330 | |
DMEM-F12 | Gibco | 11320 | |
Donkey serum | Jackson | 017-000-121 | |
EPO | Peprotech | 100-64-50UG | Human Erythropoietin |
FGF8b | Peprotech | 100-25 | |
Ficoll-Paque Premium | GE Healthcare | 17-5442-02 | P=1.077, density gradient medium |
GDNF | Peprotech | 450-10 | Glial derived neurotrophic factor |
GlutaMAX | Invitrogen | 21051024 | 100 × Glutamine stock solution |
Ham's-F12 | Gibco | 11765-054 | |
HBSS | Invitrogen | 14175079 | Balanced salt solution |
Human leukemia inhibitory factor | Millpore | LIF1010 | |
Human recombinant SCF | Peprotech | 300-07-100UG | |
IGF-1 | Peprotech | 100-11-100UG | Human insulin-like growth factor |
IL-3 | Peprotech | 200-03-10UG | Human interleukin 3 |
IMDM | Gibco | 215056-023 | Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium |
Insulin | Roche | 12585014 | |
ITS-X | Invitrogen | 51500-056 | Insulin-transferrin-selenium-X supplement |
Knockout serum replacement | Gibco | 10828028 | Serum free basal medium |
Laminin | Roche | 11243217001 | |
Microsyringe | Hamilton | 7653-01 | |
N2 supplement | Invitrogen | 17502048 | |
NEAA | Invitrogen | 11140050 | Non-essential amino acid |
Neurobasal | Gibco | 10888 | Basic medium |
PDL | Sigma-Aldrich | P7280 | Poly-D-lysine |
SAG1 | Enzo | ALX-270-426-M01 | |
SB431542 | Gene Operation | 04-0010-10mg | Store from light at -20℃ |
Sendai virus | Life Technologies | MAN0009378 | |
Sucrose | baiaoshengke | ||
TGFβⅢ | Peprotech | 100-36E | Transforming growth factor βⅢ |
Transferrin | R&D Systems | 2914-HT-100G | |
Triton X 100 | baiaoshengke | Nonionic surfactant | |
Trypan blue | Gibco | T10282 | |
Xylazine | Sigma-Aldrich | X1126 |