用原位曝光法测定淡水珍珠贻贝 Bioindication 的流环境适宜性
Summary
原位bioindications 能够确定环境对濒危贻贝种类的适宜性。我们描述了两种方法基于青少年暴露的淡水珍珠贻贝在网箱贫营养泥炭河生境。这两种方法都是在开放水和交错水环境的变型中实现的。
Abstract
对淡水贻贝生境适宜性的认识是保护濒危物种群体的重要一步。我们描述了一个协议,在贫营养泥炭河流域内进行现场青少年暴露试验, 为期一个月和三月的时间。两种方法 (在两种修改中) 都是为了评估青少年的生长和生存率。方法和修改在价值为地方 bioindication 不同, 并且每个有它的好处并且制约。沙笼法适用于一大组个体, 但只有部分个体被测量, 结果被大量评估。在网格笼法中, 分别对个体进行了单独的保存和测量, 但计算出了低个体数。公开的水接触改性比较容易应用;它显示了青少年的生长潜力, 也可以有效的水毒性试验。在床内暴露的修改需要很高的工作量, 但更接近自然的青少年环境的条件, 它是更好地报告的实际适宜性的地方。另一方面, 由于其高交错的环境变异性, 此修改需要更多的复制。
Introduction
实验生物体的现场暴露和随后对其病情的评估是获取环境质量信息和 (特别是) 物种适宜性的一种可能方法。在动物体内, 这种 bioindication 主要适用于能够生活在有限的有界空间中的小无脊椎动物。双壳贝类的年轻阶段 (双壳类) 是一个这样适当的有机体小组1。
家庭 Unionidae 的双壳贝类是水生生态系统的一个非常重要的组成部分2。然而, 这些物种往往严重濒危, 特别是在溪流和河流。其中一些被描绘成 “伞种”, 其保护与整个溪流群落生境的养护密切相关, 需要采取综合办法3。这些动物的生命周期与许多环境成分有关, 从水化学4,5到鱼类种群的变化, 作为贻贝幼虫宿主6。因为贻贝幼鱼通常代表贻贝生命周期的关键阶段, 所以在这个阶段适合它们发展的地点对于一个地区成功的物种种群发展至关重要。
淡水珍珠贻贝 (FWPM,母母;Unionida, 双壳类) 是一种濒危的双壳贝类, 发生在贫营养泥炭欧洲溪流中。他们的人数在20世纪的整个发生地区急剧下降。在大多数中欧人口中, 目前物种繁殖的下降似乎主要是由于青少年在生命的头几年中生存率极低至零。它假设, 少年 FWPMs 居住在浅交错区7年, 其中条件和他们的可变性仍然没有被描述的很好。此外, 直到他们的第二年的生活, 幼仔只有一个维度约1毫米, 所以他们很难找到在大量的泥沙下自然条件8。因此, 对圈养幼仔进行实验是研究其生态学的必要条件。
在捷克9淡水珍珠贻贝行动计划中, 每年有数以千计的青少年从半自然育种计划中崛起。然而, 有一个问题是, 哪些地方和生境适合这些青少年成功的人口支持, 或最终物种重新引进。在原位bioindications 现在找到答案的方法。
尽管在早先的一些著作中观察到幼贻贝在生物指标10的适宜性, 但最近的一些研究证实, 在暴露笼中, 幼贻贝的存活率不一致。青少年暴露方法在水质检测中的适用性11、12、13。此外, 还证明了在解释这些特定研究的结果时需要考虑的几个因素, 例如14的股票来源和幼虫条件15的持续影响。
问题在于如何在测试现场安装实验性青少年, 以及如何最有效地评估其状况。首次严格应用的现场曝光方法与青少年 FWPMs 发表了 Buddensiek16。青少年 FWPM 个体被保存在板笼中, 暴露在溪流的自由流动的水中, 在几个星期的暴露后, 它们的生存和生长被量化。该方法最初是作为一种半人工育种方法开发的, 但同时也强调了其对生境需求和水质评价的适用性。虽然 FWPM 少年的存活率自然非常低, 在一个月/年的规模, 只有很小数量的动物将生存, 生存率可以是一个良好的标志的环境影响的16周的规模。经过多年的研究, 进一步发展了暴露方法, 以保持实验性的幼贻贝在溪流中栖息, 并评估其生长和成活率;这些包括沙盒17, 贻贝筒仓基于一个上升的原则18, 和各种其他接触笼 (由牙龈和同事总结)11。由于青少年自然发生在浅交错区7, 实验装置在流底的应用是非常可取的。
在本文中, 我们描述了使用两个曝光装置的 FWPMs: i) 修改 Buddensiek 板笼 (“网笼”) 也使 bioindication 测试 hyporheal 条件;和 ii) Hruška 沙盒 (“沙笼”)。该议定书描述了这两种方法在开阔水域和交错条件下的应用 (即四种暴露的变体)。这些方法在捷克淡水珍珠贻贝9号行动计划中的应用已有15年的时间逐步修改和扩大, 并经过了一系列实验验证。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
曝光时间:
即使是一个月的裸露的网笼显示了明显的增长, 反映了现场之间的差异 (图 3), 所以它们是非常有用的快速和容易检测的现场描述。然而, 结果的相关性取决于条件的短期状态, 可以振荡。特别是, 短期降雨事件可以起到作用。相比之下, 不可预知的偶发污染可能并不总是被记录下来。在现场 V (图 4A), 水化学分析检测到一波强?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Bílý和 Ondřej. 西蒙得到了捷克生命科学大学的赠款的支持 [环境科学学院的内部赠款机构, CULS 布拉格 (42110 1312 3175 (20164236))]。对 Douda 的支持来自捷克科学基金会 (13-05872S)。在捷克共和国自然保护局管理的捷克淡水珍珠贻贝行动计划执行期间, 收集了关于珍珠贻贝的 bioindication 和目前发生情况的数据, 由政府资助捷克共和国, 可在
Materials
| biological material maintenance and care | |||
| Freshwater pearl mussel juveniles | any | NA | from a FWPM breeding programme |
| plastic boxes | any | NA | |
| thermobox | MERCI | 212,070,600,030 | There are many possibilities. This is one example only. |
| field thermobox (ca25 l) | any | NA | cold box (insulated box) commonly used for food transport |
| river water | any | NA | |
| Petri dishes | any | NA | |
| plastic Pasteur pipettes with balloon bulb (droppers) | any | NA | hole diameter 1 mm |
| hydrogen peroxide | any | NA | |
| plastic container (ca 50 l) for river water | any | NA | |
| plastic tea strainer | any | NA | commonly used in kitchen |
| mesh cages construction | |||
| main plastic bodies | any | NA | |
| plactic covers | any | NA | |
| special technical sieves 340 µm | Silk &Progress | UHELON 20 T | |
| special technical sieves 100 µm | Silk &Progress | UHELON 67 M | |
| rubber hose (diameter 5.5 mm) | any | NA | |
| steel bolts | any | NA | |
| steel nuts | any | NA | |
| spanner | any | NA | |
| steel spikes | any | NA | |
| pliers | any | NA | |
| beakers | any | NA | |
| plastic dishes (ca. 25x15x3-5cm) | any | NA | |
| squirt bottle | any | NA | |
| field protocols | any | NA | |
| stationery | any | NA | |
| plastic container | any | NA | |
| string | any | NA | |
| hammer | any | NA | |
| sandy cages construction and use | |||
| sieve 1 mm | any | NA | |
| sieve 2 mm | any | NA | |
| special technical sieves 340 µm | Silk &Progress | UHELON 20 T | |
| plastic boxes with tight-fitting lid | any | NA | |
| hot melt adhesive | any | NA | |
| plastic box (ca 250 x 150 x 100 cm) | |||
| big plastic box (ca 25 l) | any | NA | |
| flat stone | any | NA | |
| net | any | NA | |
| river sand | any | NA | |
| round containers | any | NA | |
| magnifying glasses | Carson | Carson CP 60 | There ar many possibilities. This is one example only |
| cages installation and maintenance | |||
| field temperature dataloggers | ONSET | UA-001-64 | http://www.onsetcomp.com/products/data-loggers/ua-001-64 |
| spade | any | NA | |
| toothbrush | any | NA | |
| experiment evaluation | |||
| trinocular dissecting zoom stereo microscope | Bresser optic | ICD 10x-160x | There are many possibilities. This is one example only. |
| digital camera/ electronic eyepiece | Bresser optic | MikroCamLab 5M | There are many possibilities. This is one example only. |
| Calibration gird | Am Scope | SKU: MR100 | There are many possibilities. This is one example only. |
| external power source with two movable light guides | Arsenal | K1309010150021 | There are many possibilities. This is one example only. |
| Image software | ImageJ software | There are many possibilities. This is one example only. | |
| table processor | MS excel | There are many possibilities. This is one example only. |
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