宫颈肌张力障碍的时间分辨阈值测量 & 分析
1School of Engineering,Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 2Department of Neurology,St. Vincent’s University Hospital, 3School of Medicine and Medical Sciences,University College Dublin, 4School of Mathematical Sciences,Dublin Institute of Technology, 5School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin,The University of Dublin
Summary
本文介绍了时间分辨阈值的测量和分析方法, 并对其在颈椎张力障碍发病机制研究中的应用进行了探讨。
Abstract
时间分辨阈值 (TDT) 是指观察者可以将两个顺序刺激区分为异步 (通常为30-50 毫秒) 的最短间隔。它已被证明是异常 (延长) 的神经紊乱, 包括颈椎肌张力障碍, 一个表型的成人特发性孤立性肌张力障碍。TDT 是一种定量的衡量能力, 感知迅速变化的环境, 并被视为指示的行为的视觉神经元的优势丘, 一个关键节点的隐蔽注意定向。本文阐述了测量 TDT 的方法 (包括两种硬件选择和两种刺激方式)。本文还探讨了两种数据分析和 TDT 计算的方法。本文还讨论了时间歧视的评估在了解颈椎张力障碍和成人特发性孤立性肌张力障碍发病机制中的应用。
Introduction
时间歧视描述一个人的能力, 歧视, 或感知, 他们的环境迅速变化。时间分辨阈值 (TDT) 是一个个体能够感知到两个连续的感官刺激是异步的最短间隔。颞叶辨别在影响基底节的障碍中表现为异常延长, 包括张力障碍1、2、3、45、6,7。
肌张力障碍是第三个最常见的神经运动障碍-在帕金森 s 病和必要的震颤后.它的特点是持续或间歇性的肌肉收缩导致异常, 经常重复, 运动或姿势8。肌张力障碍可影响身体的任何部分。当它影响一个身体部分被称为局灶性肌张力障碍8。肌张力障碍影响颈部肌肉被称为颈椎肌张力障碍, 是最常见的表型成人首发特发性离体肌张力障碍。9,10颈椎张力障碍的发病机制尚不清楚;它被认为是一种遗传性疾病, 具有常染色体显性遗传, 并明显减少显。环境因素在疾病显和表达方面也被认为是重要的。
优越的丘, 一个运动结构位于背中脑, 是重要的快速检测环境刺激的过程中的隐蔽注意力定向2,11,12。视觉刺激通过醇-盖大通路迅速进入上级丘。TDT 是一个简单的, 客观的措施, 相信代表的视觉 (和其他感官刺激) 在表面层的高级丘。TDT 已研究的个人与颈部肌张力障碍, 其未受影响的亲属和健康的控制参与者。与年龄和性别匹配的控制参与者, 异常 TDT 有高灵敏度 (97%, 36 37 患者) 和特异性 (98-100%) 颈椎张力障碍1。50% 例宫颈肌张力障碍患者 (14 25, 年龄48岁或以上) 未受影响的一级女性亲属出现异常 TDT, 显示年龄和性别相关显常染色体显性遗传13, 14. 宫颈肌张力障碍患者未受影响亲属的异常 TDT (与正常 TDTs 的亲属相比) 与增加的 putaminal 体积有关 (按体素计算)15和减少 putaminal 活动 (由 fMRI)4.高级丘被认为是神经网络中的一个重要节点, 在颈椎张力障碍12中功能失调。时间歧视的评估被认为是提供了重要的线索, pathomechanisms 潜在的颈部肌张力障碍。
本文的目的是提出两种测量和分析时间歧视的方法, 并说明该方法在颈椎张力障碍的病理生理学研究中的应用。
Protocol
St. 文森特大学医院的医学研究伦理委员会批准了对宫颈肌张力障碍患者的招募, 他们的兄弟姐妹 (不受肌张力障碍的影响), 和健康的控制, 参与所描述的协议下面. 1. 硬件 & 软件解决方案 注: 两个硬件选项已开发, 以显示视觉刺激与精确的间刺激间隔。两者都是设计和内置在三位一体的生物工程中心, 都柏林三一学院, 并曾被称为5,<…
Representative Results
在表1和 2中提供了填充的评分表的示例, 其中分别代表楼梯和随机刺激演示方法的结果。每个运行的阈值 (被认为是”不同”的第一个三刺激对的计时) 将被高亮显示。在表 1的情况下, TDT 计算为25毫秒 (即, 中值40、25、25、25、45、25、40、10毫秒)。这些数据取自一名35岁的女性, 她参与了先前的一项研究18</sup…
Discussion
TDT 测量与分析
两种形式的设备 (表顶部和耳机), 两种方法的刺激表示 (楼梯和随机), 和两种方式的数据分析 (传统和分布), 以说明如何衡量和量化一个人的时间辨别能力。便携式耳机提供了一种方便的硬件选项, 可确保参与者和 LED 光源之间的距离和角度保持一致, 同时还允许在任何方便的位置收集数据。因此, 它解决了与桌面方法相关的一些限制, 即需要受控环境?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
这项研究得到了来自健康研究委员会、肌张力障碍爱尔兰、爱尔兰科学基金会和爱尔兰临床神经科学研究所的资助。
Materials
| TDT head set | Can be supplied by Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin. Alternatively full instructions are available for free download from http://www.dystoniaresearch.ie/temporal-discrimination-threshold/ | 1 | A custom-built, portable device for the presentation of visual stimuli. |
| TDT table top LED box | Can be supplied by Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin. Alternatively full instructions are available for free download from http://www.dystoniaresearch.ie/temporal-discrimination-threshold/ | 2 | A custom-built, table-top device for the presentation of visual stimuli. |
| Microcontroller | Can be supplied by Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin. Alternatively full instructions are available for free download from http://www.dystoniaresearch.ie/temporal-discrimination-threshold/ | 3 | A custom-built microcontroller for the delivery of visual stimuli in staircase or random order, with precise inter-stimulus intervals. |
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Cite This Article
Beck, R. B., McGovern, E. M., Butler, J. S., Birsanu, D., Quinlivan, B., Beiser, I., Narasimham, S., O’Riordan, S., Hutchinson, M., Reilly, R. B. Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia. J. Vis. Exp. (131), e56310, doi:10.3791/56310 (2018).