Affinitatsmarkierung Nachweis endogener Receptors von Zebrafischembryonen
Summary
A novel technique for the detection of low abundance endogenous receptors present in zebrafish embryos is described. We have named it AFLIP because it consists of affinity labeling of the receptor by its ligand linked to immunoprecipitation.
Abstract
By combining the powers of Affinity Labeling and Immunoprecipitation (AFLIP), a technique for the detection of low abundance receptors in zebrafish embryos has been implemented. This technique takes advantage of the selectivity and sensitivity conferred by affinity labeling of a given receptor by its ligand with the specificity of the immunoprecipitation. We have used AFLIP to detect the type III TGF-β receptor (TGFBR3), also know as betaglycan, during early zebrafish development. AFLIP was instrumental in validating the efficacy of a TGFBR3 morphant zebrafish phenotype. In the first step, embryo protein extracts are prepared and used to generate 125I-TGF-β2-TGFBR3 complexes that are purified by immunoprecipitation. Later, these complexes are covalently cross-linked and revealed using SDS-PAGE separation and autoradiography detection. This technique requires the availability of a labeled ligand for, and a specific antibody against, the receptor to be detected, and shall be easily adapted to identify any growth factor or cytokine receptor that meets these requirements.
Introduction
Specific detection of proteins expressed during embryonic development is required to validate expression profiles obtained by measuring their cognate mRNAs with RT-PCR or in situ hybridization (ISH). This is commonly achieved by a western blot of embryo extracts followed by detection with specific antibodies. However, this approach is hard to apply to proteins that are in very low abundance, or that have properties that hamper their quantitative transfer during their blotting. Betaglycan, also known as the type III transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptor (TGFBR3), is an example of these difficulties. TGFBR3 is a part time membrane proteoglycan that binds TGF-β through its core protein1, with notably higher affinity for the isoform TGF-β2, a property that distinguishes it from any other TGF-β binding protein2. TGFBR3 in the zebrafish is expressed from 8 hpf on, reaching a maximum by 72 hpf, as detected by RT-PCR of its mRNA3.
However, despite the availability of a very specific antibody3, every attempt to detect its translated product by western blot proved unsuccessful. Reckoning that TGFBR3’s proteoglycan nature, as well as putative low abundance may be accountable for this failure, a detection method, AFLIP, which takes advantage of TGFBR3 high affinity for TGF-β2 was devised. In this method a protein extract from pooled embryos is allowed to specifically bind 125I-labeled TGF-β2 and the receptor-ligand complexes are purified by immunoprecipitation and cross-linked before separation by SDS-PAGE. The migration patterns observed by autoradiography of the gels revealed the presence and nature of the labeled receptor species. This approach combines the ligand specificity of affinity labeling with immunoprecipitation by specific antibodies, increasing detection range, avoiding the inefficient transfer blotting of TGFBR3. Due to its inherent properties, the AFLIP assay is not a quantitative assay but can be used to confidently gauge relative experimental differences in the analyzed receptor.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Die Verwendung von Western – Blots mit einem spezifischen Antikörper gegen ein Protein von Interesse ist ein wertvolles Instrument zum Ausdruck 7 während der Embryonalentwicklung zu studieren. Jedoch Immunoblotting hoch glycosylierten Proteinen war nicht sehr erfolgreich gewesen aufgrund ihrer ineffizienten Übertragung und eine schwache Bindung an Nitrocellulose oder PVDF Membranen 8,9.
Proteoglykane sind ein gutes Beispiel für dieses Manko, die aufgrund ihrer koval…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Gilberto Morales for fish care and maintenance, and Drs. Claudia Rivera and Hector Malagòn (IFC-UNAM Animal Facility) for their help in rabbit immunization. This work was supported by grants from CONACYT 131226 and PAPIIT-DGAPA-UNAM IN204916.
Materials
| Disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) | ThermoFisher Scientific | 21555 | |
| Protein G Sephraose 4 Fast Flow | GE Healthcare Life Sciences | 17-0618-01 | |
| Gel Dryer Model 583 | BIO-RAD | 1651745 | |
| Typhoon 9400 | GE Healthcare Life Sciences | 63-0055-78 | |
| Cobra II Auto gamma counter | Packard | ||
| Exposure Cassette | Molecular Dynamics | 63-0035-44 | |
| NaCl | J.T. Baker | 3624 | |
| KCl | J.T. Baker | 3040 | |
| Na2HPO4 | J.T. Baker | 3828 | |
| K2HPO4 | J.T. Baker | 3246 | |
| CH4O | J.T. Baker | 9070 | |
| C2H4O2 | J.T. Baker | 9508 | |
| CH2O | J.T. Baker | 2106 | |
| SDS | Sigma-Aldrich | L4509 | |
| EDTA | Sigma-Aldrich | ED | |
| Triton X-100 | Sigma-Aldrich | T9284 | |
| CaCl2 | Sigma-Aldrich | C3306 | |
| NaHCO3 | Fisher Scientific | S233 | |
| PMSF | Sigma-Aldrich | P7626 | |
| Crystal Sea Marine Mix | Marine Enterprises International | http://www.meisalt.com/Crystal-Sea-Marinemix |
References
- López-Casillas, F., et al. Structure and expression of the membrane proteoglycan betaglycan, a component of the TGF-β receptor system. Cell. 67 (4), 785-795 (1991).
- Cheifetz, S., Andres, J. L., Massague, J. The transforming growth factor-beta receptor type III is a membrane proteoglycan. Domain structure of the receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (32), 16984-16991 (1988).
- Kamaid, A., et al. Betaglycan knock-down causes embryonic angiogenesis defects in zebrafish. Genesis. 53, 583-603 (2015).
- Bradford, M. M. A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding. Anal. Biochem. 72, 248-254 (1976).
- Cheifetz, S., et al. Distinct transforming growth factor-b receptor subsets as determinants of cellular responsiveness to three TGF-b isoforms. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 20533-20538 (1990).
- López-Casillas, F., Wrana, J. L., Massagué, J. Betaglycan presents ligand to the TGFβ signaling receptor. Cell. 73 (7), 1435-1444 (1993).
- Towbin, H., Staehelin, T., Gordon, J. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. PNAS USA. 76 (9), 4350-4354 (1979).
- Maccari, F., Volpi, N. Direct and specific recognition of glycosaminoglycans by antibodies after their separation by agarose gel electrophoresis and blotting on cetylpyridinium chloride-treated nitrocellulose membranes. Electrophoresis. 24 (9), 1347-1352 (2003).
- Volpi, N., Maccari, F. Glycosaminoglycan blotting and detection after electrophoresis separation. Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, N.J). 1312, 119-127 (2015).
- Guesdon, J. L., Ternynck, T., Avrameas, S. The use of avidin-biotin interaction in immunoenzymatic techniques. J Histochem Cytochem. 27 (8), 1131-1139 (1979).
- Bratthauer, G. L. The avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method and other avidin-biotin binding methods. Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, N.J). 588, 257-270 (2010).
- Heimer, R., Molinaro, L., Sampson, P. M. Detection by 125I-cationized cytochrome c of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans immobilized on unmodified and on positively charged Nylon 66. Anal. Biochem. 165 (2), 448-455 (1987).
- Das, M., et al. Specific radiolabeling of a cell surface receptor for epidermal growth factor. PNAS USA. 74 (7), 2790-2794 (1977).
- Massague, J., Guillette, B., Czech, M., Morgan, C., Bradshaw, R. Identification of a nerve growth factor receptor protein in sympathetic ganglia membranes by affinity labeling. J. Biol. Chem. 256 (18), 9419-9424 (1981).
- Massague, J., Pilch, P. F., Czech, M. P. Electrophoretic resolution of three major insulin receptor structures with unique subunit stoichiometries. PNAS USA. 77 (12), 7137-7141 (1980).
- Hoosein, N. M., Gurd, R. S. Identification of Glucagon Receptors in Rat Brain. PNAS USA. 81, 4368-4372 (1984).
