Chapter 4
Introduction to Separation Methods
![States of Matter and Phase Changes](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12261.jpg)
The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated…
![Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12262.jpg)
Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform…
![Centrifugation](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14616.jpg)
Centrifugation is a separation technique based on differences in density or size. It is commonly used to separate solids from aqueous interferents.…
![Sublimation](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14617.jpg)
Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide…
![Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12264.jpg)
Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources.…
![Precipitation and Co-precipitation](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14618.jpg)
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form…
![Electrodeposition](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14620.jpg)
Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that…
![Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12265.jpg)
The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law,…
![Extraction: Advanced Methods](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14622.jpg)
Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here,…
![Chromatography: Introduction](https://jovecdn2.ccindex.cn/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12266.jpg)
Chromatography is a technique used to separate compounds based on differences of partitioning between two phases, the stationary phase and the mobile…