Neural Stem Cell Institute 1 article published in JoVE Neuroscience Development of a Refined Protocol for Trans-scleral Subretinal Transplantation of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells into Rat Eyes Cuiping Zhao1, Nathan C. Boles1, Justine D. Miller1, Suzanne Kawola1, Sally Temple1, Richard J. Davis*1, Jeffrey H. Stern*1 1Neural Stem Cell Institute Subretinal injection has been widely applied in preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapy for age-related macular degeneration. In this visualized article, we describe a less risky, reproducible and precisely modified subretinal injection technique via the trans-scleral approach to deliver cells into rat eyes.